• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.1009-1017
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• 2009

This study was performed to analyze the preferences and actual use patterns of university students (96 males and 187 females) for bakeries in the Gyeongju area of Korea. A total of 283 questionnaires were used for the examination and statistical analyses were completed using SPSS Win (14.0) by descriptive analysis and $x^2$-tests. The most favored bakery products were prepared items such as sandwiches and toast. Most of the respondents (92.9%) typically used bread for snacks, and the main places of purchase were well-known bakery shops (38.5%) in which females preferred well-known shops more than males. In addition, the respondents liked milk (79.9%) and jam (39.7%) as the beverage and food, respectively, to eat with bread. When choosing bread, the main selection point was taste (80.2%) and the cost per person per visit was usually 1,000~5,000 won (63.3%). The consumption frequency rate revealed that 49.1% of the students consumed bread as a snack, while 24.8% consumed bread with other foods 1~2 times a week. In the case of purchasing bread as a snack, females had more purchases than males (p<0.05). Students who lived in their own home (p<0.001) with a commute time to school greater than 30 minutes (p<0.001) had the highest number of bread purchases as a snack. The most important point for bread purchase was hygiene (4.60). Overall, for the development of bakeries in the Gyeongju area it seems imperative to address the bakery shop environment, including such aspects as hygiene, price, and new bread product development for students.

• Composites Research
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.85-90
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 탄소섬유강화플라스틱 면재와 알루미늄 샌드위치 심재를 가지는 복합재 샌드위치의 제조와 3절점 굽힘 실험에 대해 연구하였다. 시편은 3가지 하니컴 종류(3.18 mm, 4.76 mm, 6.35 mm의 셀 크기)와 3가지 곡률 반지름(평판, r = 1.6 m, r = 1.3 m)을 가지도록 제작하였다. 샌드위치 곡률의 기준은 W-방향을 기준으로 제작 하였다. CFRP $2{\times}2$ 트윌의 인장에서 기계적 물성치(탄성계수, 강도, 푸아송 비)를 측정하여 그 값들을 다른 CFRP 섬유 적층판의 값과 비교하였다. 실험결과 평판 샌드위치 패널의 3절점 굽힘 실험에서 심재의 전단강도는 공개된 데이터에 비해 11-30% 낮게 나왔다. 제한된 시편 크기에서 1.3미터 곡률을 가지는 패널은 평판 패널에 비해 심재의 극한 전단강도가 0.8-3.8% 감소한 것으로 나타났다.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.113-148
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• 2016

In a whole variety of higher order plate theories existing in the literature no consideration is given to the transverse normal strain / deformation effects on flexural response when these higher order theories are applied to shear flexible composite plates in view of minimizing the number of unknown variables. The objective of this study is to carry out cylindrical bending of simply supported laminated composite and sandwich plates using sinusoidal shear and normal deformation plate theory. The most important feature of the present theory is that it includes the effects of transverse normal strain/deformation. The displacement field of the presented theory is built upon classical plate theory and uses sine and cosine functions in terms of thickness coordinate to include the effects of shear deformation and transverse normal strain. The theory accounts for realistic variation of the transverse shear stress through the thickness and satisfies the shear stress free conditions at the top and bottom surfaces of the plate without using the problem dependent shear correction factor. Governing equations and boundary conditions of the theory are obtained using the principle of minimum potential energy. The accuracy of the proposed theory is examined for several configurations of laminates under various static loadings. Some problems are presented for the first time in this paper which can become the base for future research. For the comparison purpose, the numerical results are also generated by using higher order shear deformation theory of Reddy, first-order shear deformation plate theory of Mindlin and classical plate theory. The numerical results show that the present theory provides displacements and stresses very accurately as compared to those obtained by using other theories.

• 급식외식위생학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.7-20
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the impact of refrigerator type and temperature fluctuations on the quality changes of refrigerated foods. Phycochemical and sensory quality, as well as microbial growth, were measured for various foods stored in open- or door-type refrigerators set at 5℃ during storage. The average temperatures recorded were 11.50±1.14℃ in an open refrigerator, and 6.34±0.97℃ in a closed refrigerator. The average surface temperatures of the food items were 9.60±1.20 and 6.00±0.80℃ for open and closed refrigerators, respectively. Significant changes in color and appearance quality were observed in lettuce, mackerel, ground beef, and cut pineapples when stored in open refrigerators. Ready-to-Eat foods such as gimbap and sandwiches exhibited higher levels of microbiological proliferation when stored in open refrigerators compared to closed refrigerators. Processed foods, such as sterilized milk and packaged tofu, did not show significant differences in quality among various types of refrigerators. The installation of refrigerator doors can effectively minimize temperature fluctuations caused by external factors, thereby reducing variations in food quality. These findings provide essential insights into the quality changes associated with the implementation of refrigerator doors, serving as fundamental data for ensuring optimal food preservation.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.265-273
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• 1997

연자성 자유자성층과 피속박자성층을 각각 2중층 Ni$_{81}$fe$_{19}$/ $Co_{90}$ Fe$_{10}$와 $Co_{90}$ Fe$_{10}$로 하고, 반강자성 속박층을 NiO로 하는 NiFe/CoFe/Cu/CuFe/NiO 구조를 갖는 spin-valve 박막을 sputtering 방법으로 유리기판위에 제작하고, 자기저항비(MR), 자기장감응도(field sensitivity), 반강자성층과 피속박자성층사이의 교환결합 자기장(exchange coupling field), 자유자성층과 피속박자성층사이의 층간결합자기장(interlayer coupling field) 등의 비자성 사이층 Cu 두께, 자유자성층두께, 피속박자성층 두께 및 반강자성층 두께 의존성을 조사하였다. 2중층 자유자성층에 연자성 NiFe가 20 .angs. 이상 포함됨으로써 10 Oe의 보자력을 가져 연자성특성을 향상시키는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Cu의 두께가 30 .angs. 일 때 극대 MR비를 가졌으며 두께증가에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 피속박자성층 CoFe의 두께가 35 .angs. 일 때 그대 MR비 6.3%를 나타내며 두께증가에 따라 감소하며 교환결합자기장도 CoFe 두께가 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. NiO 두께가 800 .angs. 일 때 극대 MR비를 보이며 교환결합자기장은 두께증가에 따라 50 Oe 정도로 포화되어 NiO가 반강자성 특성을 유지하기 위해서는 일정한 두께이상이 되어야 함을 알 수 있었다. 열처리온도 200 .deg. C 까지는 MR비 5.3%를 유지하다 이보다 높하지면 점점 감소하여 300 .deg. C에서도 약 3% 정도를 유지하여 열적 안정성이 향상되었다. 따라서 CoFe 합금을 사용하여 NiFe(40 .angs. )/CoFe(50 .angs. )/Cu(30 .angs. )/CoFe(35 .angs. )/NiO(800 .angs. ) 구조를 갖는 spin-valve 박막은 극대 MR비 6.3%, 유효자기장감응도 약 0.5(%/Oe)를 보여 spin-valve head 재료로 적합함을 알 수 있었다.다.다.다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.39-56
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• 2018

최근 일반교육 교육과정을 통해 장애학생의 성인생활 자립 역량을 갖추어야 한다는 목소리가 높다. 일반교과인 가정교과는 사명지향적인 학문으로써 장애학생들의 개인생활과 가정생활에 도움을 줄 수 있다. 가정교과에서 식생활 교육은 학생들의 자립성과 사회성을 향상시키면서 식생활 교육과 식생활 연구가 부족한 특수교육 상황에 효과적으로 활용될 수 있다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 문제중심학습(problem based learning: PBL)을 적용한 가정과 식생활 교수·학습 과정안을 개발하여 지적장애 학생들에게 수업을 실행한 후 이 수업이 식품 선택과 보관 지식과 문제해결력에 미치는 효과를 알아보는 데 있다. 본 연구는 단일 집단 사전-사후 설계로 연구 대상은 지적장애 특수학교 중학과정에 다니는 학생 6명으로 편의 표집하였다. 이들 학생들에게 PBL을 적용한 가정과 식생활 수업을 6차시 실행한 후 이 수업의 효과를 알아보았다. 1~3차시 주제는 식품 선택과 보관방법이고, 4차시 주제는 샌드위치 재료를 구입하여 보관하는 것이며, 그리고 5~6차시 주제는 샌드위치를 만들어 선물하는 것이다. 지적장애 학생을 위한 PBL 적용 가정과 식생활 교수·학습 과정안을 개발하기 위해서 먼저 학생의 흥미를 유발하며 실생활에서 충분히 발생할 수 있는 '문제'를 개발하였고 이 문제를 해결하는 수업 과정과 학습 자료를 제작한 후 가정교육학 교수 1인과 특수교육 전문가인 교사 3인으로부터 선정된 문제와 개발된 교수·학습 과정안의 타당도 검증을 받았다. 수업 효과를 알아보기 위한 측정도구는 식품 선택과 보관 지식 평가 도구, 문제해결력 관찰 평가와 학생용 자기평가 도구, 학생 수업만족도 평가지, 교사의 수업행동 평가지, 수업 관찰 일지로 구성되며 이 도구들은 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증 받았다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다 첫째, PBL을 적용한 가정과 식생활 수업을 받은 6명 학생 모두가 100점 만점인 식품 선택과 보관 지식 점수에서 사전보다 사후에서 평균 30점 높아졌고 14점 만점인 문제해결력 점수는 사전보다 사후에서 평균 5점 더 높아졌다. 따라서 이 수업은 지적장애 학생들의 식품 선택과 보관 지식과 문제해결력에 효과를 미친다고 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 지적장애 학생들은 PBL을 적용한 가정과 식생활 수업시간에 열심히 참여하였으며 이 수업에 만족감을 느꼈다. 특수교육 전문가인 교사 3인은 이 수업에 대해서 실습을 위한 수업 준비 시간이 오래 걸린 점이 다소 아쉬웠지만 교수·학습 과정안이 타당하게 철저히 준비되었고 학생 간 상호작용이 적절하였으며 문제중심학습 수업 흐름에 맞는 진행을 하였다고 평가하였다. 이 연구를 통해 PBL을 적용한 가정과 식생활 수업은 지적장애 학생들이 식품 선택과 보관부터 안전하고 건강한 음식을 만드는 종합적인 식생활 기술을 습득하여 일상생활에서 발생할 수 있는 식생활 관련 문제를 스스로 해결하는데 도움이 되었다고 사료된다. 따라서 전국의 특수학교의 장애학생들에게 PBL을 적용한 가정과 식생활 수업뿐만 아니라 의생활, 주생활, 소비생활, 아동·가족생활, 자원관리 전 영역을 다루는 가정교과가 특수학교에서 정식교과로 도입되기를 제언한다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.478-489
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• 2011

Student and dietitian reactions to a multicultural food service menu were studied. Food habits in a multicultural family could delay the acculturation of the children to traditional Korean food and could cause the isolation of children from the community. Also, Korean students need to be exposed to other cultures and foods because it can be a challenge to eat novel foods when students grow up. To help both multicultural and Korean children adjust to new foods, a multicultural menu was included in a school's food service. Students regarded the multicultural menu as access to another culture, but they felt that improvement of the food quality and menu diversity were required. The degree of satisfaction with the food quality, appearance, freshness, temperature, and menu diversity were all moderate. The multicultural menu was served as a single menu item or a combination menu item. The main dish single items - pasta, jajangmyeon, onigiri, hamburgers, rice and curry, kaupatmu, kaupatkung, and donburi - were liked, but nasi goreng was liked only moderately. The soup - based dish single item, tempura soba, was liked, while tomyum was disliked. The side dish single items - tangsuyook, Japanese donkatsu, baked sausage and potatoes, tandoori chicken, chicken britto, Vienna schnitzels, tender tortillas, and fried chicken wings - were liked. The desserts single items-sandwiches, pineapples, waffles, pizza, bread with strawberry jam, mangoes, and tacoyaki - were liked. The combination menus - Italian, Indian, and American - were liked, but the southeast Asian menu was the least favored. Acceptance of combination and single menu items were similar. Male students liked multicultural menu items more than female students in all categories. Approximately 60% of dietitians had experience serving the single menu items for multicultural food service. The appropriate serving times were twice per month. Dietitians guessed that 80% of the students liked the multicultural menu. The dietitians preferred serving American or Chinese foods to southeast Asian food. There were two difficulties in serving the multicultural menu, which were voiced as as lack of skill in cooking the items and improper cooking utensils and tableware for the items. Despite all the difficulties, the dietitians served the multicultural menu because it provided menu diversity, rather than for educational reasons.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.208-213
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• 2004

In this study, we examined the effects of dietary 1,3-diacylglycerol (DG) compared to conventional triacylglycerol (TG) oil on the postprandial response of total and chylomicron TG, glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA). This study was conducted using a cross-over design. Ninety subjects participated in the high-fat meal tolerance test where they were randomly assigned to consume two experimental sandwiches containing mayonnaise with TG or DG oil with a seven-day interval. Blood samples were collected before ingestion and at 2, 3, 4 and 6 hr time point after ingestion and analyzed for total and chylomicron TG, glucose, insulin, FFA and phospholipid fatty acid composition. Both TG and DG ingestion had similar effects on postprandial TG response, but a different response from chylomicron TG. Compared with the TG group, TG levels were significantly lower only at 6 hr time point in the DG group. On the other hand, chylomicron TG rose steeply at 2 hr time point and decreased faster in this group. Also, the adjusted value to fasting levels was the same as the unadjusted level. Fasting levels and net differences in insulin were significantly lower at 3 hr time point where chylomicron TG levels were significantly lower in the DG group. But those of glucose and FFA in the TG and DG groups did not differ significantly. Fasting and postprandial levels of fatty acid composition in serum phospholipids in the two groups did not differ significantly. In conclusion, this study indicated that one could reduce the magnitude of postprandial lipemia without influencing glucose metabolism by consumning DG oil as a substitute for TG oil. Based on the correlation of coronary artery disease and postprandial lipemia, dietary DG ingestion might have a beneficial effect in treating such a disease. Further studies are required to clarify the long-tenn effects of dietary DG on blood lipid levels in humans.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.463-476
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• 2016

Objectives: Environmental, social and personal factors influence eating patterns. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between unhealthy food outlets within a residential area and obesity using nationally representative Korean survey data and data from the Census on Establishments. Methods: Data on the food intakes and socioeconomic variables of a total of 9,978 adults aged ${\geq}19$ years were obtained from the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Geographic locations of restaurants were obtained from the 2013 Census on Establishments in Korea. Administrative area was categorized into tertiles of count of unhealthy food outlets based on the distribution of number of unhealthy food outlets among all urban (Dong) and rural (Eup or Myun) administrative districts in Korea. Multilevel logistic regressions model were used to assess the association between the number of unhealthy food outlets and obesity. Results: People living in the district with the highest count of unhealthy food outlets had higher intakes of fat (45.8 vs. 44.4 g/day), sodium (4,142.6 vs. 3,949.8 mg/day), and vitamin A (753.7 vs. $631.6 {\mu}gRE/day$) compared to those living in the district with the lowest count of unhealthy food outlets. A higher count of unhealthy food outlets was positively associated with frequent consumption of instant noodles, pizza, hamburgers and sandwiches, sweets and sour pork or pork cutlets, fried chicken, snacks, and cookies. Higher exposure to unhealthy food outlets was associated with increased odds of obesity (1st vs. 3rd tertile; OR 1.689; 95% CI 1.098-2.599). Conclusions: A high count of unhealthy food outlets within a residential area is positively associated with the prevalence of obesity in Korea. The results suggest that food environmental factors affects the health outcomes and interventions aiming to restrict the availability of unhealthy food outlets in local neighborhoods may be a useful obesity prevention strategy.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.295-304
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• 2002

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the cause, magnitude and transmission route of the cholera outbreak in 2001 Methods : The study population were those persons who ingested foods at the restaurant, were confirmed as cholera patients, had symptoms of diarrhea and sewed as workers at the restaurant. A questionnaire survey and microbiological examinations on the microbes isolated from rectal swabs were conducted. Of the cases, 316 food histories were surveyed by an analysis of the restaurant menu. Results : There were 139 confirmed cases of cholera reported in Korea in 2001. Of these, 104 were related to the restaurant. By region, Gyeongsangbuk-do had the highest incidence with 91 cases. Of these 91 cases, 74 had ingested foods at the restaurant, 2 were employees and 3 were secondary infection cases within the families. The results of the odds ratio analysis of the 316 persons having ingested foods at the restaurant were as follows: sandwiches 5.07 (95% CI, 1.85-14.59), soybean curd 2.45 (95% CI, 1.09-5.56), noodles 2.34 (95% CI, 1.24-4.42), steamed squid 2.01 (95% CI, 1.17-3.47) and vinegared rice 1.82 (95%, CI, 1.08-3.09). It was certain the restaurant in question was the cause of the 2001 outbreak. Conclusions : We suspected that more than one restaurant employee contaminated foods served at the restaurant. In addition, eating raw fishes purchased at the Pohang Fisheries infected the employees of the restaurant. There is a possibility that these raw fishes were themselves contaminated by cholera bacilli in the sea.