• 가족자원경영과 정책
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.131-152
• /
• 2012

The aims of this study were to analyze middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement. Specifically, this study surveyed the relation between human capital investment for children and the middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement and investigated factors influencing financial preparation for retirement. Data were obtained from the 3rd Korean Retirement and Income Study (KReIS) in 2009, and a sample of 757 households was selected. The statistical methods were frequency, percentile, mean, standard deviation, ${\chi}^2$, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and logistic regression analysis. The findings of this study are as follows. First, the percentile of preparation for living costs for old age was 49.9% for the middle-aged households. In terms of the types of preparation for living costs for old age, the results showed 61.6% of personal preparation, 33.9% of pension system, and 1.3% for children and relatives. In relation to the adequacy of the preparations for living costs for old age, preparations made by 57.4% of the middle-aged households were inadequate. Observing the minimum living costs for old age and adequate living costs after retirement for single and couple, the minimum living costs of the middle-aged households was 1.46 million won for couple and 0.91 million won for single. The adequate living costs for old age was 2.07 million won for couple and 1.34 million won for single. Second, there were 757 households with total education expenditure. Of these, 208 incurred annual expenditure on public education, and the annual expenditure for public education was 7.28 million won. There were 170 households with annual expenditure for private education, and the annual expenditure for private education was 2.50 million won. 243 households of middle-aged households had annual expenditure for human capital investment, including both public and private education, with annual expenditure for human capital investment for children of 7.82 million won. Furthermore, in the human capital investment factor, there was a difference in the middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement according to their annual expenditure for human capital investment including both public and private education. In addition, there was a difference in financial preparation for retirement based on their public education expenditure. Third, in the logistic regression model 1, which included human capital investment, the significant variables affecting the preparation for retirement of the middle-aged households were as follows : annual household income, total amount of annual household income, experience of inadequate living costs, existence of financial assets, total amount of annual household savings, financial independence, adequate living costs (for single) for old age, and human capital investment. In the logistic regression model 2, which included annual expenditure for public education and annual expenditure for private education, the significant variables affecting the preparation for retirement of the middle-aged households were as follows : annual household income, total amount of annual household income, experience of inadequate living costs, existence of financial assets, total amount of annual household savings, financial independence, adequate living costs (for single) for old age, and annual expenditure for public education.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 2023

라이코펜은 카로티노이드의 일종으로 심혈관계 위험인자, 혈중지질, 혈압 등을 낮추는 효과를 가지는 것으로 알려져 있어, 액상 내용물이 충진된 연질캡슐, 고상 내용물이 충진된 경질캡슐을 포함하는 다양한 제형의 라이코펜 건강기능식품이 유통되고 있다. 그러나, 최근 본 연구진은 현 건강기능식품공전 중 라이코펜 시험법의 고상 건강기능식품 적용에 한계가 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서, 본 논문에 비누화 반응 및 액체크로마토그래프에 기반한 신규 고상 건강기능식품 중 라이코펜 시험법의 개발을 보고하는 바이다. 신규 개발 시험법은 식품의약품안전평가원 가이드라인에 의거하여 밸리데이션 되었고, 모든 항목 결과가 가이드라인 기준을 만족함(특이성, 직선성 r²≥0.991, 정량한계 0.0149 mg/mL, 정확도(회수율) 92.70~97.18 %, 반복성(회수율의 상대표준편차) 0.85~1.59 %, 재현성(실험실 간 회수율의 상대표준편차) 3.70 %)을 확인하였다. 또한 인증표준물질을 활용한 적용성 평가에서도 높은 정확도(98.81~101.59 %)가 관찰되어, 신규 시험법의 개발이 성공적이었음을 재확인하였다. 따라서, 신규 개발 시험법은 향후 고상 라이코펜 건강기능식품 관리에 활용되어 국내 건강식품안전관리에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.53-62
• /
• 2006

본 연구는 시료 및 스펙트럼의 전처리 방법이 근적외선 분광법을 이용한 옥수수 사일리지의 화학적 조성분의 예측능력에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 시료의 전처리 방법은 건조하여 분쇄하는 방법(Oven Dried Grinding), 액화 질소처리 후 분쇄하는 방법(Liquid Nitrogen Grinding) 그리고 생사일리지(Intact Fresh)처리로 하였으며 4개의 스펙트럼의 수처리(1,4,4, 2,6,4, 2,10,5) 방법을 이용하여 다변량회귀분석법인 변형부분최소자승회귀법(MPLS)을 통해 검량식을 작성하였다. 시료의 전처리 방법에 의해서 유도된 검량식의 예측 능력은 섬유소 성분(NDF, ADF)과 일반 조성분(CP, Ash) 모두에서 Oven dried grinding (ODG) > Liquid nitrogen grinding (LNG)>Intact fresh (IF) 처리 순으로 우수하였다. 또한 스펙트럼의 수처리 방법에 의한 결과는 시료의 전처리 방법에 따라 그 예측 능력이 다르게 나타났다. 옥수수 사일리지의 섬유소 함량을 예측하기 위한 최적의 시료 전처리 및 스펙트럼 수처리 방법은 NDF는 ODG 처리에 2,10,5 수처리 방법 $(R^2=0.86)$, ADF는 ODG 처리에 2,10,5 수처리 방법 $(R^2v=0.93)$이 가장 우수한 전처리 방법으로 나타났다. 조단백질 함량과 조회분 함량을 측정하기 위한 최적의 시료 전처리 및 스펙트럼 수처리 방법은 조단백질은 ODG 처리에 1,4,4 수처리 방법$(R^2v,=0.91)$, 조회분은 ODG 처리에 2,10,5 수처리 방법$(R^2v=0.89)$이 가장 우수한 전처리 방법으로 판단된다. 이상의 연구 결과를 종합해보면 근적외선 분광법을 이용한 사일리지의 화학적 조성분 함량 측정은 적은 오차 범위 내에서 신속하고 정확한 분석법이 될 수 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 비록 원물 생시료(IF)에 대한 직접적인 측정은 다소 예측 정확성이 떨어지지만 현장 적용성과 편리성을 높이기 위해서는 생시료의 측정시 오차를 줄일 수 있는 스펙트럼의 수처리 방법이나 산란보정 방법과 같은 데이터 처리기법에 대한 더 많은 연구가 앞으로 진행되어야 한다고 생각되어진다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.7-11
• /
• 1983

본 연구에서는 감귤류 폐과피의 효율적 이용을 위해, 온주밀감 과피내에 양질의 펙틴과 pectinesterase(PE)가 함께 존재하고 있는 사실에 근거하여 간단한 공정에 의한 저메톡실펙틴의 조제를 시도하였다. 한편 조제된 펙틴들의 물리화학적 특성과 gelling power를 조사하여 상품 펙틴과 비교하여 보았다. (1) 온주밀감 albedo를 갈아서 침출시키고, 이를 $30^{\circ}C$에서 $Na_2Co_3$로 pH를 조절하여 albedo내의 PE를 작용케 하였다. 가열에 의해 PE를 불활성화시키고 원심분리한 후 상층액에 알코올을 가해 저메톡실펙틴을 침전시키고, 알코올로 세척하여 조제하였다. (2) albedo내의 펙틴 수율은 건물 중량으로 12.71%~12.98%였다. (3) 각 펙틴 시료들의 메톡실 함량은 효소 작용을 받지않고 추출된 것이 13.71%로 고메톡실펙틴인 것으로 밝혀졌고, pH 7.5에서 10분 처리시 5.12%, pH 8.5에서 10분, 20분, 30분 처리됨에 따라 4.27%, 3.08%, 1.85%인 저메톡실펙틴이 조제되었다. 아세틸함량은 0.09~0.12%로서 겔 형성에 방해를 주는 범위는 아니였고, anhydrouronic acid 함량은 94.2~96.8%로 순도가 높았다. 효소 작용을 받는 정도가 많아짐에 따라 점도와 분자량은 감소하였다. (4) 저메톡실 펙틴들은 효소 작용을 받은 정도가 많음에 따라 consistency가 낮아졌으며 $18^{\circ}C$에서 측정한 값이 $4^{\circ}C$에서 측정한 값보다 낮았다. (5) 겔들의 %sag은 상품 펙틴겔보다 높았다. (6) Instron에 의한 texture 측정 결과는 고메톡실펙틴 겔의 경우 견고도와 탄성이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 겔의 부착성은 pH 8.5에서 10분 처리한 것이, 응집성은 pH 7.5에서 10분 처리한 것이 가장 높았다. 겔들의 점착성과 저작성은 상품 저메톡실펙틴이 높았다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.232-237
• /
• 2010

본 연구는 경기도내 유통되고 있는 한약 및 한약제제에 대한 안전성을 평가하고자 한약 165종 366건에 대한 중 금속 및 잔류이산화황 오염 실태와 한약제제 68건에 대한 보존제 사용 실태를 조사하였다. 한약 중 중금속 검사결과는 13종 17건(4.6%)이 기준을 초과하였고 기준 초과 검출 농도는 Pb 6.1~19.2 mg/kg, Cd 0.4~0.7 mg/kg, As 6.9 mg/kg, Hg 0.7 mg/kg 이었으며, 국산 한약은 110건 중 2건(1.8%), 수입산 한약은 256건 중 15건(5.9%)이 기준을 초과하여 국산보다 수입산이 3.3배나 많았다. 잔류이산화황 검사결과는 10종 13건(3.6%)이 기준을 초과하였고 그 중 국산 한약은 4건에서 105~428 mg/kg이 검출되어 평균 338 mg/kg이었으며, 수입산 한약은 9건에서 114~2,468 mg/kg이 검출되어 평균 804 mg/kg으로 수입산이 국산 한약 보다 2.4배 높았다. 한약제제에 대한 보존제 검사결과 보존제가 표시된 17건(액제 14건, 환제 3건) 중 액제 3건에서 dehydroacetic acid가 표시량의 48.9~64.1% 검출되어 표시량 미만이었으며, 환제 1건에서는 benzoic acid가 139.9% 검출되어 표시량을 초과하였다. 보존제가 미표시된 51건(액제 6건, 과립제 28건, 환제 17건) 중 액제에서 benzoic acid 3건, dehydroacetic acid 1건이 검출되었으며, 과립제 11건과 환제 7건에서 benzoic acid가 검출되었다.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.318-321
• /
• 2017

This commentary presents the regulatory backgrounds and development of the national proficiency testing (PT) scheme on asbestos analysis in the Republic of Korea. Since 2009, under the amended Occupational Safety and Health Act, the survey of asbestos in buildings and clearance test of asbestos removal works have been mandated to be carried out by the laboratories designated by the Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL) in the Republic of Korea. To assess the performance of asbestos laboratories, a PT scheme on asbestos analysis was launched by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) on behalf of the MOEL in 2007. Participating laboratories are evaluated once a year for fiber counting and bulk asbestos analysis by phase contrast microscopy and polarized light microscopy, respectively. Currently, the number of laboratory enrollments is > 200, and the percentage of passed laboratories is > 90. The current status and several significant changes in operation, sample preparations, and statistics of assigning the reference values of the KOSHA PT scheme on asbestos analysis are presented. Critical retrospect based on the experiences of operating the KOSHA PT scheme suggests considerations for developing a new national PT scheme for asbestos analysis.

• 한국임상약학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.78-84
• /
• 2004

Nifedipine, one of calcium channel antagonists, has been used for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertention, angina pectoris, Raynaud's phenomenon and various other cardiovascular diseases. Because of its short biological half-life, several sustained-release (SR) formulations of nifedipine have been developed. and used clinically. The bioequivalence of the two nifedipine SR preparations was evaluated according to the guidelines of KFDA. The test product was Hanmi Nifedipine SR $tablet^{(R)}$ made by Hanmi Pharm. Co. and the reference was Adalat Oros $tablet^{(R)}$ made by Bayer Korea. Thirty healthy male subjects were divided into two groups and a randomized $2\times2$ cross-over study was employed. After one SR tablet containing 33 mg of nifedipine was orally administered, blood sample was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of nifedipine in plasma were determined using a validated HPLC method with UV detector. Two pharmacokinetic parameters, $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, were calculated and analyzed statistically for the evaluation of bioequivalence of the two products. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed parameter values. The $90\%$ confidence intewals of the $AUC_t\;and\;the\;C_{max}\;were\;log\;0.81\sim1og\;1.19\;and\;log\;0.84\sim\;log\;1.13,\;respectively.$ These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals from log 0.8 to log 1.25 in KFDA guidelines. Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guidelines for the bioequivalence was satisfied, indicating that Hanmi Nifedipine SR tablet is bioequivalent to Adalat Oros tablet.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제49권6호
• /
• pp.635-643
• /
• 2016

Wine consumers desire to drink a high quality wine. For producing high quality wine, high quality soil is required. Conventionally, soil quality is assessed qualitatively. Using traditional laboratory methods, quantitative data can be obtained for management purpose, but it is time consuming and expensive. Therefore, new technology aims to address these limitations, namely portable X-Ray fluorescence spectrometers (pXRF). This instrument can be used directly in the field, requires no soil sample preparations, and can simultaneously measure a wide range of elements qualitatively that are useful for pedological studies. The chemical composition (Ca, Fe, Ti and Zr) of soils at Tallavera Grove vineyard in New South Wales, Australia, was studied using a pXRF. The analysis of the soil's elemental concentration (i.e. Ca and Fe) using pXRF supports management decisions. Measuring the soil's Ca concentration can be used to identify Ca-rich parent materials (limestone). The limestone indicates good soil conditions for vine production. Fe content was used to identify areas of texture-contrast soils or soil with accumulation of clays in the B horizon. In addition, a soil weathering index was calculated using elemental concentrations (i.e. Ti and Zr) to explore the history of soil formation for making decision of management. This index showed that the soil in the vineyard was affected by two processes: the deposition of materials from elsewhere (Aeolian transport or soil erosion) and mixing of materials from upslope.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.93-100
• /
• 2018

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to determine the changing frequency of a diamond bur after multiple usages on 3 different surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Human premolar teeth (N = 26), disc shaped direct metal laser sintered CoCr (N = 3) and zirconia specimens (N = 3) were used in this study. Groups named basically as Group T for teeth, Group M for CoCr, and Group Z for zirconia. Round tapered black-band diamond bur was used. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups and placed with a special assembly onto the surveyor. 1, 5, and 10 preparation protocols were performed to the first, second, and third sub-groups, respectively. The subgroups were named according to preparation numbers (1, 5, 10). The mentioned bur of each group was then used at another horizontal preparation on a new tooth sample. The same procedure was used for CoCr and zirconia disc specimens. All of the bur surfaces were evaluated using roughness analysis. Then, horizontal tooth preparation surfaces were examined under both stereomicroscope and SEM. The depth maps of tooth surfaces were also obtained from digital stereomicroscopic images. The results were statistically analyzed using One-Way ANOVA, and the Tukey HSD post-hoc tests (${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. All of the groups were significantly different from the control group (P<.001). There was no significant difference between groups Z5 and Z10 (P=.928). Significant differences were found among groups T5, M5, and Z5 (P<.001). CONCLUSION. Diamond burs wear after multiple use and they should be changed after 5 teeth preparations at most. A diamond bur should not be used for teeth preparation after try-in procedures of metal or zirconia substructures.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.639-644
• /
• 2011

A simple and highly sensitive chemiluminescence method to determine norfloxacin (NFLX) has been proposed by measuring the chemiluminescence (CL) intensities using a flow injection (FI) system. The CL intensity of the luminol-$H_2O_2$ system is strongly enhanced by the addition of Cu (II) in alkaline condition. The CL intensity is substantially increased after the injection of NFLX into the luminol-$H_2O_2$-Cu (II) system. The enhancement effect is attributed to a catalytic effect of Cu (II) due to the interaction with NFLX which forms a complex with the catalyst. Under the optimal conditions, the sensitizing effect of the CL intensity is proportional to the concentration of NFLX in the range of $1.5{\times}10^{-9}-5.9{\times}10^{-7}molL^{-1}$ (r = 0.9994) with a detection limit ($3{\sigma}$) of $2.98{\times}10^{-10}molL^{-1}$. The proposed method had good reproducibility with the relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 5) of 1.6% for $1{\times}10^{-7}molL^{-1}$ of NFLX. The possible reaction mechanism of the CL reaction is also discussed. This method has been successfully applied for the determination of trace amount of NFLX in pharmaceutical preparations and serum samples.