• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.215-225
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• 1997

The review was conducted to organize the desirable salting process from the literatures. In this study the principle of salting and effects of physicochemical changes in salting and salting factors such as cultivars of baechu(Chinese cabbage), concentration of salt, salting temperature, pH condition for salting and quality of kimchi were studied. The method of salting standard, treatment techniques in salting, and selection and mixture ratio of sub-ingredients were also reviewed. In future studies greater attention should be paid to salting and fermentation of kimchi.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.786-790
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• 2006

본 연구는 가지의 수출 경쟁력 향상을 위한 방안으로 수출용 가지품종인 축양과 시키부를 염가공품으로 개발하기 위하여 염절임 방법에 따른 품질변화에 대하여 조사하였다. 수분함량은 절임 3일째 감소하였으며, 염절임 7일째 미강과 소금을 혼합하여 염절임한 가지의 수분감소가 소금물을 단독으로 하여 염절임한 가지의 수분감소에 비해 컸다. 회분함량은 염절임이 진행될수록 증가하였다. 시키부 품종의 당도가 축양 품종의 당도에 비해 높았으며, 염절임이 진행될수록 당도는 크게 증가하였다. 미강과 소금의 혼합 처리시의 당도증가가 소금물 단독 처리시의 당도 증가에 비해 현저하였다. 염절임이 진행될수록 환원당 함량은 증가하였으며, 미강과 소금을 혼합 처리하여 염절임한 가지가 소금물 단독으로 염절임한 가지에 비해 환원당 함량이 높았다. 축양의 수용성단백질 함량이 시키부 품종의 수용성 단백질 함량에 비해 약간 높았으며, 염절임이 진행될수록 증가하였고, 미강과 소금의 혼합 처리 시 수용성 단백질 함량의 증가가 컸다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2000

The effects of salting methods on sensory and microbiological properties of Kakdugi were evaluated during fermentation at 10$\^{C}$ for up to 52 days. Kakdugi samples were prepared by 4 different salting methods at the final salt concentration about 1.5%, which was appropriate for organoleptic quality. The salting methods for radish cubes(2cm size) of Kakdugi included; 1) Treatment S-1: spraying dry salt uniformly onto the radish cubes, at the concentration of about 1.5%(w/w) and cured for 1 hr, 2) Treatment S-5: spraying dry salt uniformly onto the radish cubes, at the concentration of about 1.2%(w/w) and cured for 5 hr, 3) Treatment B-1: brining radish cubes in a 8.5%(w/v) salt solution and cured for 1 hr, 4) Treatment B-5: brining radish cubes in a 4.0%(w/v) salt solution and cured for 5 hr. During the early stage of fermentation, sensory test showed higher scores in the overall acceptability of Kakdugi prepared with salting methods S-1 and S-5 than those with B-1 and B-5. However, the trend of acceptability has been reversed by the treatments B-1 and, more notably, by B-5 at the later stage of fermentation. The counts of lactic acid bacteria increased remarkably and then decreased gradually after the optimum ripening period. The major lactic acid bacteria isolated and identified from Kakdugi were Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, and Lactobacillus.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.756-762
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• 2012

The pre-rigor salting effects on physicochemical properties of ground duck breast muscle were evaluated in this study. The pre-rigor salting treatments were prepared within 30 min after slaughter, the duck breast muscles after post mortem 48 h were used to prepare the post-rigor treatments. The pre-rigor salting treatment had significantly higher pH value than post-rigor salting treatment (p<0.001), and all pre-rigor salting treatments showed a significant higher pH value. As a result, the pre-rigor salting treatment showed increased water holding capacity and decreased cooking loss compared to those in the post-rigor salting treatment. No significant differences in redness and yellowness were observed among the treatments (p>0.05). The increased solubility of salt-soluble proteins in the pre-rigor salting treatment leads to increase the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. Also, the pre-rigor salted duck breast muscle had similar textural properties compared to those of post-rigor duck breast muscle containing sodium tri-polyphosphate (STPP). The 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of all treatments were ranged from 0.121 to 0.177 mg/kg. The lowest TBA value was observed for post-rigor duck breast muscle containing STPP, however, pre-rigor salting did not influence lipid oxidation of ground duck breast muscle. Therefore, the pre-rigor salting method, especially a single addition of sodium chloride to pre-rigor muscle, is more efficient method for improving cooking loss.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1077-1085
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• 1998

The effects of yeast on the fermentation of kimchi were investigated. The treatments were divided into two groups; yeast treatment during salting of Chinese cabbage(YS) and yeast treatment added in kimchi preparation(YF kimchi). The edible periods of the kimchi after yeast treatment during salting (YS kimchi) was extended 4~5 days by the results of pH, acidity, sensory quality. The activities of amylase, polygalacturonase and galactosidase of YS kimchi were retained at low levels compared to non treated condition throughout all fermentation periods, whereas protease activity was not significant different from the non treated condition. In addition, the contents of total hexose and uronic acid did not show remarkable change throughout fermentation, but total pentose was decreased by more than 7% at the early middle stage of fermentation(7~14 day after soaking). The change of free amino acid content was decreased by 16~44% than the non treated condition. In contrast, in the YF kimchi, the sensory quality was not good. The activities of amylase, protease, polygalacturonase and gal actosidase were appreciably higher than that of the non treated condition. Meanwhile, the contents of total hexose, total pentose and uronic acid, as products of degradation of cell wall constituents by the above enzymes, were decreased by 18~68% throughout fermentation than the non treated con dition, and total free amino acids were higher than the YS kimchi. Thus, yeast treatment during salting was found to be more effective to extend the edible periods of the kimchi.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.503-509
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• 2001

The effects of salting methods on textural properties of Kakdugi were evaluated during fermentation at 1$0^{\circ}C$ for up to 52 days. Kakdugi samples were prepared by 4 different salting methods at final salt concentration of 1.5%, which is appropriate for organoleptic quality. The salting methods for radish cubes(2 cm size) of Kakdugi were as follows; 1) Treatment S-1: spraying dry salt uniformly on to the radish cubes at 1.5%(w/w) and holding for 1 hr, 2) Treatment S-5: spraying dry salt uniformly on to the radish cubes at 1.2%(w/w) and holding for 5 hr, 3) Treatment B-1: brining radish cubes in a 8.5%(w/v) salt solution for 1 hr, 4) Treatment B-5: brining radish cubes in a 4.0%(w/v) salt solution for 5 hr. The contents of water soluble pectin, total soluble solid and PG activity were increased as the fermentation periods increased. A majority of total dietary fiber(TDF) consisted of soluble dietary fiber(SDF), and the amount of insoluble dietary fiber(IDF) was relatively small in Kakdugi during fermentation. Furthermore, an increase in SDF and a consequent decrease in IDF contents were observed with the fermentation time increased.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 1999

The effects of salting methods on Kakdugi (cubed radish kimchi) fermentation were evaluated. Kakdugi was prepared with various salting methods, salt concentrations, and settling times, and fermented at 10$^{\circ}C$ for up to 52 days. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cubes (2 cm size) were salted by using the following methods salt concentration of about 1.5% which was known appropriate for the organoleptic quality of Kakdugi: 1) Treatment S-1: applying dry salt uniformly onto the radish cubes, with a salt concentration of about 1.5% (w/w) and cured for 1 hr, 2) Treatment S-5: applying dry salt uniformly onto the radish cubes, with a salt concentration of about 1.2% (w/w) and cured for 5 hr, 3) Treatment B-1: brining radish cubes in a 8.5% (w/v) salt solution for 1 hr, 4) Treatment B-5: brining radish cubes in a 4.0% (w/v) salt solution for 5 hr. As the fermentation continued, the initial high decrease in pH has been retarded in all the treatments, of which the delaying extent was more significantly noted from B-1 and B-5 than S-1 and S-5. The pH of the Kakdugi which showed a good eating quality dropped to 4.3∼4.8 with the accumulation of total acids. Total vitamin C increased sharply at the palatable period of Kakdugi during the initial fermentation and then decreased gradually following a sigmoidal changing pattern. The reducing sugar levels were also influenced by salting methods and fermentation as sugars are converted into acids. High initial contents of reducing sugars and their subsequent rapid decrease were observed in “S” group than “B” group during fermentation. For nonvolatile organic acids, lactic acid increased consistently throughout the fermentation while malic acid, which was high at the initiation of fermentation, decreased rapidly afterwards at the palatable period of Kakdugi.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.320-325
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 석량, 미원 2품종의 풋콩을 실험재료로 사용하여 냉동 저장전 전처리 기술의 일환인 blanching 및 염장처리를 행하여 냉동저장 중 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 조사하였다. 품질평가로는 수분함량, 색도, Vitamin C 함량의 변화, peroxidase와 lipoxygenase 활성 및 경도를 살펴보았다. 수분함량의 변화는 무처리 경우에는 현저한 감소를 보여주었으나, blanching 처리구와 염처리구는 저장기간 중에도 큰 변화를 변화를 보이지 않았다. Vitamin C 함량에서는 blanching 처리한 것이 열에 의한 영향 때문에 무처리한 것보다 함량이 줄어든 반면 염장 처리구에서는 높은 비타민 C 함량을 나타내었다. 또한 콩의 맛에 관여하는 효소인 peroxidase와 lipoxygenase의 경우 전처리 공정으로 blanching이나 염처리만으로는 충분히 불활성화 시키지 못하였으나, -2$0^{\circ}C$의 냉동저장 후 lipoxygenase활성은 90%정도 불활성화 된 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 경도를 살펴본 결과, 미원과 석량 모두 blanching처리구가 다소 높은 경도를 보인 반면, 염처리구에서 미원은 경도가 급격히 감소하는 경향을 볼 수 있었으며, 석량의 경우는 약간 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과, 본 연구에서는 염처리조건으로 2%, 180분 동안 염장 처리한 것이 가장 적당한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 풋콩을 수출용으로 저장하기 위해서는 저장에 앞서 전처리 공정이 필요하며, blanching이나 염처리를 한다면 풋콩의 품질변화를 최소화하고 저장 기간을 연장시킬 수 있으며, 또한 콩의 조리 시 염의 첨가로 조직을 연화시켜 cooking시간을 단축시킬 수 있으리라 기대된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.287-298
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• 1995

This study was undertaken to examine the effect of salting in 10% salt solution added 2% calcium chloride on the kimchi fermentation. The addition of calcium chloride extended edible periods of the Kimchi to 4~5 days and increased relatively the hardness of Chinese Cabbage. In the addition of calcium chloride, the activities of amylase and $\beta$ -galactosidase were not high during all periods fermentation. Polygalacturonase and protease activities were low 2~21%, 2~26% all periods fermentation, respectively. There were significant correlations between the delay of ripeness and decreasing enzyme activation. The amount of free amino acid by the treatment with calcium chloride was decreased of 10~16% at the late of fermentation than that of control. the treatment with calcium chloride of the Kimchi was increased hardness, but decreased cohesiveness and gumminess was during all periods fermentation. the adhesiveness was increased at the early of fermentation but decreased at the late of fermentation.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.251-256
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• 2004

This study was conducted to find the optimum pretreatment method to improve the quality of Pleurotus eryngii pickled with the fermented soybean paste. Blanching(70 , 10min), salting(5%, 20 , 72hr) and drying(50 , 3hr) were used as pretreatment methods. The moisture loss of the mushrooms during pickling was accelerated more by salting and drying. Salinity increase was retarded by salting. Surface and internal browning of the mushrooms were suppressed by blanching. Hardness tended to increase sharply until 20 days of pickling and then slowly decreased. In the sensory evaluation, mushrooms pickled for 40 days were scored as the highest. Blanching was a superior treatment compared to the others in term of color, taste, flavor, texture and overall acceptability.