• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 1985

Pyrantal pamoate's anthelmintic activity is due to its action as a neuromuscular blocking agent. It is generally well tolerated. Transient rises in SGOT levels have been reported in the drug-treated patients. Decreased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase post treatment were found in yound dogs. The present study was performed to investigate the possible toxic effects of pyrantal pamoate in pregnant mice progenies. The drug was given in different doses to these mothers in the first, second and third trimester. Serum alkaline phosphatase, SGOT and SGPT of one or two month old offspring were monitored. SGOT levels showed an increase in some doses in one and two month old offspring where alkaline phosphatase showed a decrease in some doses in one and two month old offspring. The latter effect may be due to osteoblastic alkaline phosphatase inhibition. The effect on SGOT levels, however, was difficult to explain, but may be due to a toxic effect on liver cells or cardiac muscles.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.727-730
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• 2011

The effects of various NaCl levels (0, 0.3, and 0.6 M) and pH values (pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5) on the emulsifying and gelling properties of pork myofibrillar protein (MP) were assessed. The emulsion stability index (ESI), emulsifying activity index (EAI), and creaming index were measured at a 1:20 ratio of MP to corn oil. The EAI and ESI of pork MP showed maximum values at pHs 6.0 and 6.5 and at 0.3 M NaCl, resulting in better emulsion properties. Additionally, the cooking yield (CY) and gel strength (GS) of emulsified MP gel were measured at an MP: corn oil ratio of 1: 2; GS increased with increasing levels of salt. At 0.6 M NaCl, GS decreased with decreasing pH from 5.5 to 6.5. GS and gelling properties were optimal at pH 5.5 in 0.6 M salt. The highest CY was observed at 0.6 M NaCl, regardless of the pH value. However, increasing pH increased CY at salt levels of 0 and 0.3 M. These results indicate that NaCl and pH profoundly affected the emulsified MP system. Future work will be conducted on the rheological properties of the pork emulsified system as affected by adding non-meat protein.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.157-161
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• 2003

Proline is known as an osmoprotectant accumulating in response to salt and dehydration stresses. An increased level of proline is achieved by either an induced synthesis or a reduced degradation of proline. In an attempt to increase salt tolerance in carrot, a P5CS gene from mothbean was introduced via an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The resulting carrot cells and the regenerated plants containing the transgene showed increased levels of proline compared to nontransgenics. The transgenic cell line, Pj2 showed about 6 times increased degree of tolerance determined by relative growth after a treatment in 250 mM NaCl. In facts, due to the retarded growth shown in non-saline condition, Pj2 cells grow only about 1.2 times better than nontransgenic control under salt stress condition. Taken together, it appears that a P5CS is a key enzyme in proline biosynthesis and the increased accumulation of proline by overexpression of the enzyme is enough to enhance tolerance to salt stress in carrot.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.295-300
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• 2006

Iron bound to heme appears to be more bioavailable than iron salts. A clinical study was performed to investigate the absorption efficiency of heme-iron and iron-salt products available. Heme-iron and nonheme-iron supplements have become available in Korea. We performed iron absorption studies to compare the absorption of heme-iron polypeptide (HIP) products made from digested hemoglobin, produced in Korea (HIPk) and imported from Japan (HIj), with that of iron salts. In the study, 80 subjects were divided into 5 groups (n=56): placebo group; 12 mg glucose, HIPk group; 12 mg iron as HIPk, HIj group; 12 mg iron as HIj, iron-salt group 1; 12 mg of iron as ferrous aminoacetate, and iron-salt group 2; 100 mg iron as ferrous aminoacetate. Changes in serum iron levels were measured at 3 and 5 hours post ingestion. Absorption of iron in HIPk was higher compared to HIj, iron-salt or placebo. There was a significant inverse correlation between low serum iron levels $(<80{\mu}g/dl)$ and iron absorption from HIPk. These results demonstrated that HIPk was more bioavailable, even taken with a meal, and would have potential advantages over iron salt or HIj as an iron supplement. Our results indicate that heme-iron absorption is regulated by iron status through a heme receptor, whereas iron-salt absorption is unregulated.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2024

High soil salinity is the most severe threat to global rice production as it causes a significant decline in rice yield. Here, we investigated the effects of various plant extracts on rice plant stress associated with high salinity. Additionally, we examined various physiological and biochemical parameters such as growth, photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll content, and lipid peroxidation - in rice plants after treatment with selected plant extracts under salt stress conditions. Of the 11 extracts tested, four - soybean leaf, soybean stem, moringa (Moringa oleifera), and Undaria pinnatifida extracts - were found to effectively reduce salt stress. A reduction of only 3-23% in shoot fresh weight was observed in rice plants under salt stress that were treated with these extracts, compared to the 43% reduction observed in plants that were exposed to stress but not given plant extract treatments (control plants). The effectiveness varied with the concentration of the plant extracts. Water content was higher in rice plants treated with the extracts than in the control plants after 6 d of salt stress, but not after 4 d of salt stress. Although photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), electron transport rate (ETR), and the content of pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid) varied based on the types and levels of stress and the extracts that the rice plants were treated with, generally, photosynthetic efficiency and pigment content were higher in the treated rice compared to control plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and malondialdehyde (MDA), increased as the duration of stress increased. ROS and MDA levels were lower in the treated rice than in the control plants. Proline and soluble sugar accumulation also increased with the duration of the stress period. However, proline and soluble sugar accumulation were lower in the treated rice than in the control plants. Generally, the values of all the parameters investigated in this study were similar, regardless of the plant extract used to treat the rice plants. Thus, the extracts found to be effective can be used to alleviate the adverse effects of stress on rice crops associated with high-salinity soils.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.291-298
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• 2012

While attempting to develop low salt, low fat and high fibre chicken nuggets, the effect of partial (40%) common salt substitution and incorporation of chickpea hull flour (CHF) at three different levels viz., 5, 7.5 and 10% (Treatments) in pre-standardized low fat chicken nuggets (Control) were observed. Common salt replacement with salt substitute blend led to a significant decrease in pH, emulsion stability, moisture, ash, hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness values while incorporation of CHF in low salt, low fat products resulted in decreased emulsion stability, cooking yield, moisture, protein, ash, color values, however dietary fibre and textural properties were increased (p<0.01). Lipid profile revealed a decrease in total cholesterol and glycolipid contents with the incorporation of CHF (p<0.01). All the sensory attributes except appearance and flavor, remained unaffected with salt replacement, while addition of CHF resulted in lower sensory scores (p<0.01). Among low salt, low fat chicken nuggets with CHF, incorporation CHF at 5% level was found optimum having sensory ratings close to very good. Thus most acceptable low salt, low fat and high fibre chicken nuggets could be developed by a salt replacement blend and addition of 5% CHF.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Gul (oyster) jeotgals (GJs) were prepared using different types of salt (23%, w/v): purified salt, solar salt aged for 3 years, and bamboo salt crystalized 3 times. One set of GJs was fermented with Bacillus subtilis JS2 ($10^6CFU/g$), while the other GJ set was fermented without starter. During fermentation for 24 weeks at $15^{\circ}C$, the starter GJs showed 10-fold higher bacilli counts than the no-starter GJs, where the maximum bacilli count was $8{\times}10^3CFU/g$. All 28 bacilli strains isolated from the 6-week GJs were identified as B. subtilis by using a RAPD-PCR, indicating that some of the B. subtilis JS2 cells remained viable. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts were present at low levels, $10^1-10^2CFU/g$. LAB with protease activities isolated from 10-week samples were identified as Enterococcus species. The isolates obtained at 16 weeks were all Staphylococcus species. The GJs with bamboo salt showed higher pH and lower titratable acidity (TA) values than the other GJs due to the strong alkalinity of bamboo salt. The amino-type nitrogen in the GJs increased slowly during the fermentation. At 24 weeks, the GJs with purified salt showed the highest amino-type nitrogen (412-430 mg%), followed by the GJs with solar salt (397-406 mg%) and GJs with bamboo salt (264-276 mg%). Meanwhile, the GJs with bamboo salt showed the highest ammonia-type N (63.67 mg%), followed by the GJs with purified salt (49 mg%) and solar salt (48 mg%).

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.2928-2947
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• 2015

Adaptive Gaussian filter (AGF) is a recently developed switching filter to remove salt and pepper noise. AGF first directly identifies pixels of gray levels 0 and 255 as noise pixels, and then only restored noise pixels using a Gaussian filter with adaptive variance based on the estimated noise density. AGF usually achieves better denoising effect in comparison with other filters. However, AGF still fails to obtain good denoising effect on images with noise-free pixels of gray levels 0 and 255, due to its severe false alarm in its noise detection stage. To alleviate this issue, a modified version of AGF is proposed in this paper. Specifically, the proposed filter first performs noise detection via an image block based noise density estimation and sequential noise density guided rectification on the noise detection result of AGF. Then, a modified Gaussian filter with adaptive variance and window size is used to restore the detected noise pixels. The proposed filter has been extensively evaluated on two representative grayscale images and the Berkeley image dataset BSDS300 with 300 images. Experimental results showed that the proposed filter achieved better denoising effect over the state-of-the-art filters, especially on images with noise-free pixels of gray levels 0 and 255.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.185-193
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• 2008

We evaluated the response to salt stress of two different ginseng lines, STG3134 and STG3159, which are sensitive and tolerant, respectively, to salt treatment. Plants were exposed to a 5 dS/m salt solution, and chlorophyll fluorescence was measured. STG3134 ginseng was more sensitive than STG3159 to salt stress. To characterize the cellular response to salt stress in the two different lines, changes in protein expression were investigated using a proteomic approach. Total protein was extracted from detached salt-treated leaves of STG3134 and STG3159 ginseng, and then separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(2-DE). Approximately 468 protein spots were detected by 2-DE and Coommassie brilliant blue staining. Twenty-two proteins were found to be reproducibly up- or down-regulated in response to salt stress. Among these proteins, twelve were identified using MALDI-TOF MS and ESI-Q-TOF and classified into several functional groups: photosynthesis-related proteins(oxygen-evolving enhancer proteins 1 and 2, rubisco and rubisco activase), detoxification proteins(polyphenol oxidase) and defense proteins($\beta$-1,3-glucanase, ribonuclease-like storage protein, and isoflavone reductase-like protein). The protein levels of ribonuclease-like storage protein, which was highly induced in STG3159 ginseng as compared to STG3134, correlated tightly with mRNA transcript levels, as assessed by reverse-transcription(RT)-PCR. Our results indicate that salinity induces changes in the expression levels of specific proteins in the leaves of ginseng plants. These changes may, in turn, playa role in plant adaptation to saline conditions.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.73-86
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• 1988

In order to determine the content levels of trace metals in common salts, 64 bay salt samples were collected from three producing districts and 33 bay salt samples, 32 remade salt samples and 5 fine salt samples were collected from 7 major cities in Korea, from August to September 1987. These were analysed for content levels of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Mn using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results were as follows: 1. Lead contents in three type salts were N.D. - 1081.9 $\mu$g/kg and fourteen percent of the 114 samples exceeded the World Health Organization(WHO) criteria of 100$\mu$g/kg. Cadmium contents of samples were N.D.- 382C.5 $\mu$g/kg and five percent of the 114 samples were over the Spanish criteria of 500 $\mu$g/kg. Copper contents of samples were 8,9-214.9 $\mu$g/kg and there was not a sample over the World Health Organization(WHO) criteria of 500 $\mu$g/kg. Zinc contents ranged N.D. - 342.9 $\mu$g/kg and Manganese contents ranged N.D.- 8.31 mg/kg. 2. The comparison of heavy metal contents among the bay salts from three producing districts was significantly different in Pb, Cd and Cu contents. 3. The comparison of heavy metal contents between the bay salts and remade salts was not significantly different in Pb, Cd and Cu contents. 4. The contents of Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn in fine salts were much lower than those of bay salts and remade salts.