• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sodium intake of office workers using 24-hour urine analysis and to analyze the correlation matrix between variables. The sodium intake of the subjects (n = 137), based on a 24-hr sodium excretion period, was male (n = 56) 6072.4 mg and female (n = 81) 5,168.2 mg. Urinary sodium excretion showed significant positive correlation with BMI, frequency of eating out, expenditure of eating out, salty taste assessment and high-salt dietary behavior. Analysis of urinary sodium excretion showed significant positive correlation with intake frequencies of cabbage kimchi, broiled fish, feast noodle and rice with leaf wraps. Based on the results of multiple regression, urinary sodium excretion was found to be related to intake frequencies of cabbage kimchi, broiled fish, rice with leaf wraps and high score of high-salt dietary behavior.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.341-349
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• 1987

Dietary intakes of na include both the amount present in food materials (nondiscretionary Na intake) and the amount added during cooking and eating to increase salty taste and flavor (discretionary Na intake). In the present study, total Na intake was measured by duplicate food sample collected from each subject for 1 day, nondiscretionary Na intake was calculated by dietary intake record, optimum gustation of salt was measured of from pooled 3-day urine collection in healthy female college students, to measure Na intake more accurately and to find suitable method to estimate total Na intake. Mean values of total, discretionary and mondiscretionary Na intakes were 169.6 mEq, 46.2mEq, and 123.4mEq. respectively. Mean 24-hour urinary Na excretion was 137.9mEq., which was about 84.5% of total intake. Subjects with optimum gustation of salt equal to or higher than 0.5% had significantly higher total Na intake and urinary Na excretion compared to subjects with optimum gustation of salt lower than 5%. Total Na intake of subjects were significantly correlated with optimum gustation of salt, non-discretionary and discretionary Na intakes, and urinary Na excretion. Multiple regression analysis showed that the best estimate of total Na intake is obtained when both optimum gustation of salt and non-discredinary Na intake were used as independent variables (r=.7071). Among the equations using one independent variable, regression, equation with urinary Na excretion provides the best approximation (r=.6627) of total Na intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2014

본 연구는 ET가 함유된 소금의 섭취가 요를 통한 나트륨 배출에 미치는 단기간의 효과를 확인하기 위하여 연구를 수행하였다. 실험기간 동안 일반소금을 섭취한 대조군, ET가 함유된 소금을 섭취한 실험군 Salt + ET에서 식이섭취 및 체중증가는 Day 7에는 통계적으로 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 물 섭취량은 Day 1과 Day 7에서 모두 Salt + ET에서 높은 경향을 보였다. 요량을 측정한 결과 Salt와 비교하여 ET를 섭취한 Salt + ET에서 약 27% 높았으며 Day 1과 Day 7에서 모두 통계적으로 유의적인 증가가 관찰되었다 (p < 0.05). 시험기간 동안 요를 통해 배출된 총 나트륨과 칼륨의 양을 산출한 결과 ET를 섭취한 Salt + ET에서 1일차와 7일차에 모두 높게 나타났으며, 특히 7일차에 ET를 섭취한 Salt + ET에서 유의적으로 증가하였다(p < 0.01). 혈중 나트륨 농도와 칼륨 농도에서는 두 그룹간 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 이러한 결과들을 종합하여 볼 때 단기간의 ET 섭취에도 ET의 이뇨작용으로 인한 요량의 증가를 통해 전해질 배출에 도움을 줄 수 있으며 부작용이 많은 이뇨제들 대신으로 쓰일 수 있는 이뇨제 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 사료되며, 향후 더 많은 연구와 분석들을 통해 혈압 강하제의 잠재적인 효과도 기대할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.32-41
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• 1992

A study was conducted to estimate Na intake in 30 young and 62 middle-aged female Koreans. For each subject, nondiscretionary Na intake was estimated from 2-day dietary records optimum gustation of salt was tested using beef broth with different salt concentra-tions. and 24-hour urinary Na excretion was measeured from pooled 2-day urine samples. Total daily Na intake was calculated from 24-hour urinary excretion and discretionary Na intake was calculated as difference between total and nondiscretionary Na intake was calculated as difference between total and nondiscretionary Na intake. Mean daily 24-hour urinary Na excretion of the young and middle-aged women was 184.6mEq and 224.6mEq. Mean values of optimum gustation of salt in young and middle-aged subjects were 0.431% and 0.489% The differences between the two groups were significant. Nodiscre-tionary Na intakes of the two groups were not significantly different, . Calculated total and discretionary Na intake of middle-aged women(245.1mEq) were significantly higher than young women(220.3mEq and 211.0mEq) were significantly higher than young women(210, 3mEq and 169, 7mEq) Percent of discretionary to total Na intake was 85.7% in middle-aged and 79.4% in young women. Age BMI urinary Na and K excretions optimum gustation of salt were signficantly correlated with blood pressure of the subjects. Results of the present study confirms the high level of sodium intake especia-lly of discretionary Na intake among Korean women.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.232-237
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• 2012

This study was done to explore the effect of Korean women's salt usage behavior on their sodium intake and excretion according to aging. Dietary sodium intake and salt usage behavior were analyzed to compare the difference between young and middle-aged women. One hundred fifty six young women and 77 middle-aged women without hypertension or any current medication were recruited. Body mass index, waist hip ratio, blood pressure were measured from each subject. Salt usage behaviors were surveyed with questionnaire, sodium intake with 24-hr recall method, and sodium excretion with spot urine. Middle-aged women were more obese than young women according to body mass index and waist hip ratio. Blood pressure was significantly higher for the middle-aged. Young women consumed more fats and middle-aged women more carbohydrates. Middle-aged women consumed more sodium and potassium, and excreted more sodium. Among questionnaire items, kimchi, soup or pot stew, or salted vegetables were found to be related with high sodium diet. Salted vegetables and salted nuts and potato chips were significantly correlated with young women's high sodium diet, while soy sauce on fried food, kimchi, salted vegetables accounted for middle-aged women's high sodium diet. With these results, we concluded that middle-aged women consumed more carbohydrates, less fat, and more sodium and potassium than young women. Middle-aged women frequently choose kimchi, soup or pot stew, or salted vegetables, and they contribute to high sodium intake. We recommend to choose low-salt kimchi, less soup or pot stew, and more fresh vegetables for lower sodium diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.669-678
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• 1997

This study was designed to estimate the sodium intake of preschool children . To determine the sodium intake & excretion of preschool children in Korea, dietary behaviors, anthropometry, intakes of dietary nutrients, urinary sodium excretion and preference for salty foods were measured in 42 preschool children (male 26 , female 16, average6.5 years old) and their mothers. The results are summarized as follows. Mean daily urinary sodium excretion was 52.7 mEq(1,212.1mg). This value did not show remarkable change compared with the other studied that were accomplished in the similarage group for about the last ten years. And the subjects showed lower preference for salty taste than those of elementary school children and adults. Mean daily lower preference for salty taste than those of elementary school children and adults. Mean daily urinary sodium excretion were significantly correlated with the frequency of eating out (p<0.01), potassium intake(p<0.001) and urinary sodium to potassium excretion ratio(p<0.001). But there weren't any correlations with mean daily sodium intake, blood pressure, dietary nutrients intake and the preference for salty taste.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1096-1104
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• 1996

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of sodium cholride supplementation on bone metabolism in female rats consuming a low calcium diet. Twenty five female rats were divided into three dietary groups (control Na : 0.1038%, 1% Na : 1.036%, 2% Na : 2.072%). All experimental diets contained 0.27% Ca and were fed to rats with deionized water for 7 weeks. Bone mineral density(BMD) and bone mineral content(BMC) of total body, spine and femur were measured using energy x-ray absorptiometry(DEXA) by small animal software. Then Ca efficiency was calculated from BMD and BMC. Serum Ca, P, Na and urine Ca, P, Na were determined. Urinary pyridinoline, serum ALP were measured to monitor bone resorption. Following 7 weeks, sodium cholride supplemented groups had higher urinary Ca excreteion, urinary pyridinoline, crosslinks value and serum ALP. There was no significant difference in case of serum Ca among all groups. Sodium chloride supplemnted groups had lower Ca effciency of total, spine and femur BMD and BMC than that of control group. In conclusion high salt intake not only increases urinary Ca excretion as urinary Na excretion does but also increase bone resorption and decrease Ca efficiency of each bone. It is been suggested that high salt intake may be harmful for bone maintenance. Therfore, the decrease of salt intake to the level of recommendation would be desirable.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.187-194
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• 1980

To estimate the amount of daily salt intake by source of food and urinary sodium excretion, a dietary survey was conducted from August 27th to September 3, 1980. The salt concentration of six kinds of food was measured. The families of 25 womens' club leaders and 25 families of hypertensive patients were studied after they had been given a short course of education on lowsalt diet. The results were as follows: 1. The average amount of high-salt foods eaten daily by the study group were as follows: 4.5 Gm. in the form of table salt 16.8 ml of home-made soy sauce 6.20 ml of commercial soy sauce 11.9 Gm. of home-made red-pepper bean paste 12.0 Gm. of home-made soy-bean paste 120.7 Gm. of Kimchi 2. The average NaCl concentration of each food was as follows: 99.5% in table salt, 22.5% in home made soy sauce, 11.9% in Commercial soy sauce, 6.8 Gm% in home made red pepper bean paste, 9.2 Gm% in home-made soy-bean paste and the average concentration of various kinds of Kimchi was 2.7 Gm%. 3. The total amount of daily salt intake per adult was calculated as 14.3 Gm. By sources of food 4.5 Gm from table salt, 3.9 Gm from home-made soy sauce and 3. 3 Gm from Kimchi were taken daily Three other kinds of food were also minor sources of salt intake.4. The average amounts of individual daily salt intake were not significantly different between the hypertensive group and the normotensive group: the median of the normotensive group (11.7Gm.) was significantly lower than that of the hypertensive group (14.9Gm.). Therefore the womens' club leaders appeared to respond more quickly than the hypertensive group after low-salt diet education. 5. The average amount of sodium excretion in the 24 hour urine specimen was 234.7 mEq. From this finding the daily NaCl intake was estimated to be 15.8Gm.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 2003년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.159.3-159
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• 2003

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 1991

전라북도 완주군의 북부 5개면 지역에서 Na, K의 요중 배설의 양상을 파악하고 일일 식염 섭취량을 추정하며 Na, K 배설과 혈압과의 상관관계를 파악하기 위해, 1987년 1월부터 3월에 걸쳐 40개 마을을 순회하며 30세 이상의 성인에 대한 건강검진을 실시하고 537명으로 부터 12시간 야간뇨를 수집하였다. creatinine의 체중당 일일 배설량이, 일정한 연령층에서는 비교적 일정하다는 성질을 이용하여 수집된 시료를 선발하였다. 이 검사값이 피검자가 속한 연령층의 신뢰범위에 포함되는 소변만을 정확한 12시간 야간뇨로 인정하였는데 537명 중 345명의 소변이 이에 해당되었다. 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 12시간 동안 소변으로 배설된 전해질의 양은 Na의 경우 고혈압군에서는 179.5 mEq, 정상혈압군에서는 203.8 mEq였고 전체의 평균값은 193.5 mEq였다. Na 배설에 있어서는 두 군 사이에 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 그러나 12시간 동안 배설된 K의 양에서는 고혈압군이 정상혈압군에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 낮은 값을 보였고 (고혈압군이 17.5 mEq, 정상혈압군 23.1 mEq, p<0.01) 전해질 간의 비율에서도 K/creatinine에서 고혈압군이 정상혈압군보다 통계적으로 유의하게 낮은 값을 보였다(고혈압군 0.040, 정상혈압군 0.050, p<0.05). 2. Na의 일일 배설량은 386.9 mEq였으며 이를 NaCl의 양으로 환산한 값은 22.4 g이었다. 1일간 섭취된 Na의 90%만이 소변으로 배설된다고 가정할 때 NaCl의 1일 섭취량은 평균 24.9 g으로 추정되었다. 추정된 1일 NaCl 섭취량에서 고혈압군과 정상혈압군 사이에 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었으나(23.2g vs 26.3g) 고혈압군의 평균 식염 섭취량이 정상혈압군의 평균값보다 다소 적은 결과를 얻었다. 3. 전체 조사 대상자 중 수축기 혈압이 120 mmHg 이상인 집단에 한하여 혈압이 높아질수록 K 배설량이 감소하는 부분적 역(逆) 상관관계를 볼 수 있었고 Na/K 비(比)는 대상자 전체에서 혈압의 증가와 함께 증가하였다 (p<0.05).