• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.223-232
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• 2014

Most of salivary cortisol are an unbound free form reflecting physiological function later. Thus, it is used frequently to evaluate the HPA-Axis and physiological function. Although the needs of salivary cortisol measurement in Korean Medicine is higher and higher, there are not many studies, because the reliability of salivary cortisol measurement is not high. To make the reliability high and encourage to use it in Korean Medicine, the goal of this study is to suggest the standard method of saliva collecting for cortisol measurement through the review of previous studies using salivary cortisol and to encourage to use it in clinical fields in Korean Medicine. The results are as followed; First, salivary cortisol has many benefits, i. e. easy collecting, non-invasive collecting, and reflecting the physiological function. Second, the collecting time and method are kept sternly, because the methods of saliva collecting vary depending on the goal of study. Third, the specific tools for saliva collecting are recommended to prevent contamination. In conclusion, if the standard methods of saliva collecting is kept to measure salivary cortisol, it would be very useful in many fields of Korean Medicine.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of artificial saliva contamination and decontamination procedures at different stages of a bonding procedure on the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) of two one-step self-etch adhesives and a two-step total-etch adhesive to dentin of primary teeth. Forty-two extracted sound primary molars were randomly divided into three groups depending on three adhesives, Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SBU), All-Bond Universal (ABU) and Prime & Bond NT (PNT). For each adhesive, the teeth were allocated into seven groups. Except for control group, group 1, the groups were contaminated with artificial saliva at three different stages: the groups 2 and 3 - before adhesive application; the groups 4 and 5 - before adhesive polymerization; the groups 6 and 7 - after adhesive polymerization. Decontaminating procedures were rinsing, air-drying (group 2, 4, 6) and air-drying (group 3, 5, 7). The specimens were restored with composite resin (Filtek, Z350) and microtensile bond strength was measured. The data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). In the control group, using PNT resulted in significantly higher bond strength than when ABU and SBU were used (p < 0.001). For three adhesives, the groups 2, 4 and 6 had greater bond strength than the groups 3, 5 and 7. Also, when the artificial saliva was contaminated before adhesive polymerization (group 4, 5), it showed a significantly lower bond strength. Generally the two-step total-etch adhesive generated a higher bond strength than the one-step self-etch adhesive. Artificial saliva contamination before adhesive polymerization led to a drastic decrease in bond strength, and rinsing with water followed by air-drying could not recover the bond strength.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to compare the shear bonding strength of zirconia after cleaning the crown contaminated by saliva or blood and determine the effect of thermocycling. 180 specimens were embedded in acrylic resin. 20 Specimens in the positive control group were bonded with resin cement without contamination. 20 Specimens in the negative control group were washed with water for 20 seconds and then dried for 10 seconds. 120 Specimens contaminated by saliva or blood were cleaned by using three cleaning methods: 37% phosphoric acid gel, commercial cleanse, and 2.5% NaOCl. All samples were bonded with resin cement and divided into two subgroups: One was not aged, and the other was tested with 30,000 thermocycling. In both groups contamination by saliva and blood, no statistically significant difference was not found in control, groups cleansed by commercial cleanser and 2.5% NaOCl. When the groups cleansed with water and 37% phosphate gel were compared with the control, significantly low shear bond strength was shown. Thermocycling group showed statistically significantly low shear bond stress compared to the groups without thermocycling. When zirconia was contaminated by saliva or blood, its original shear bond strength could be obtained if it was cleaned with commercial cleanser or 2.5% NaOCl.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.117-132
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bacterial adherence on e-PTFE membrane immersed in whole saliva from subjects with different periodontal status. Experiment involved 3 subject groups: 5 persons with healthy periodontium(probing depth below 3mm and no signs of gingival inflammation including bleeding on probing), 10 patients with gingivitis(probing depth below 3mm and apparent signs of gingival inflammation), and 10 patients with advanced periodontitis(probing depth over 7mm and apparent signs of gingival inflammation). Each disease group was included before and after scaling and root planing treatment. After obtaining whole saliva from each subject, e-PTFE membrane(Gore-Tex periodontal membrane : $GTPM^{(R)}$, W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, USA) specimens were immersed at room temperature in the saliva aliqouts for 1, 3, 7 days. The weight between pre - and post - immersion in saliva was measured with the analytical balance and the difference was recorded. The specimens were processed for SEM observation. The bacterial adherence on the membrane specimens was evaluated using the scanning electron microscope images. The obtained results were as follows : 1. There was no difference in the weight of bacteria adherent to e-PTFE membrane specimens according to the periodontal status and the immersion periods. 2. As the exposure time to saliva increased, the bacterial adherence to the membrane specimen significantly increased in all groups(P<0.005). 3. As the severity of periodontal disease increased, the bacterial adherence to the membrane specimens significantly increased(p<0.001). 4. After scaling and root planing, the bacterial adherence to the membrane specimens significantly decreased in gingivitis and periodontitis patient group(P<0.001). These results suggest that bacterial contamination on exposed barrier membrane surface be reduced through improvement of periodontal status and oral health environment before and after GTR procedure for the successful outcome.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of multiple decontamination procedures for salivary contamination after curing of a universal adhesive on dentin bond strength according to its etch modes. Materials and Methods: Forty-two extracted bovine incisors were trimmed by exposing the labial dentin surfaces and embedded in cylindrical molds. A universal adhesive (All-Bond Universal, Bisco) was used. The teeth were randomly divided into groups according to etch mode and decontamination procedure. The adhesive was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions for a given etch mode. With the exception of the control groups, the cured adhesive was contaminated with saliva for 20 sec. In the self-etch group, the teeth were divided into three groups: control, decontamination with rinsing and drying, and decontamination with rinsing, drying, and adhesive. In the etch-and-rinse group, the teeth were divided into four groups: control, decontamination with rinsing and drying, decontamination with rinsing, drying, and adhesive, and decontamination with rinsing, drying, re-etching, and reapplication of adhesive. A composite resin (Filtek Z350XT, 3M ESPE) was used for filling and was cured on the treated surfaces. Shear bond strength was measured, and failure modes were evaluated. The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variation and Tukey's HSD test. Results: The etch-and-rinse subgroup that was decontaminated by rinse, drying, re-etching, and reapplication of adhesive showed a significantly higher bond strength. Conclusions: When salivary contamination occurs after curing of the universal adhesive, additional etching improves the bond strength to dentin.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.628-634
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moisture on apical sealing properties of root canal. Fifty five single rooted human teeth were selected from maxillary and mandibular teeth. After removing crown portion at the cemento-enamel junction, all teeth were routinely prepared with step-back method. And then, the canals were dried with paper point and the teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 teeth each, and remaining 10 teeth were used as positive and negative control teeth : Group 1 were irrigated with 1ml of 95% alcohol and dried with air and paper point. Group 2 and 3 were intentionally contaminated with 0.05ml of 3.5% NaOCl or saliva, respectively. All the teeth were obturated with sealapex and gutta percha cone by lateral condensation technique, and covered with two coat of nail varnish after 48 hours of obturation. The teeth were immersed in india ink for 1 week and cleaned with methyl salicylate and then the degree of dye penetration were measured with stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA. The results were as follows : 1. All experimental groups showed varying degrees of dye penetration, and the mean degree of dye penetration was 0.1mm to 0.7mm. 2. Saliva contamination group(group 3) showed the highest amount of dye penetration, followed by NaOCl contamination group, then alcohol dried group, but there was no significant difference among three experimental groups. * This results suggest that there was no significant differences of apical leakage after canal obturation between alcohol dried canal and moisture present canals and the use of alcohol instead of paper point is unnecessary to dry the canals prior to canal filling. But other factors such as bacterial contamination and sealer discoloration by moisture must be considered in application of this results to clinical practice.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of salivary contamination on shear bond strength of pit and fissure sealant using several bonding agents by means of applying saliva at different stages of treatment. 56 teeth were randomly divided into one of seven groups (8 per group): (Group A, B) acid etching; (Group C, D, E) Adper$^{TM}$ Single Bond after acid-etching; (Group F, G) Adper$^{TM}$ Prompt L-pop. Saliva was applied to teeth surface of B, D, E, and G groups for 10 seconds. Especially, group D was contaminated after acid-etching and group E was contaminated with saliva after adhesive application. After light curing, all of the specimens were thermocycled and the shear bond strength tests were performed. The results were as follows. 1. In generally performed pit and fissure sealant group, shear bonding strength significantly differently reduced when was contaminated by saliva (p<0.05). However the group that was applied with bonding agent during pit and fissure sealant procedure, there were no significant differences in the kind of bonding agents nor the stage of contamination. 2. In group that was not contaminated by saliva during pit and fissure sealant treatment, Adper$^{TM}$ Single Bond yielded the highest bonding strength but there were no significant differences. 3. The failure pattern on the debonded surfaces shows that most specimens from groups using bonding agents showed cohesive failures while most specimens from groups that didn't use bonding agents showed adhesive failures.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of salivary contamination of teeth on bonding efficacy of self-priming and self-etching DBSs. The materials used were Single Bond(SB, self-priming system, 3M), Unifil Bond(UB, self-etching system, GC), and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus(SM, 3M) as control. Forty five human molars randomly allocated to three groups as dentin bonding systems tested and embedded in epoxy resin. Then the specimens were wet-ground to expose flat buccal enamel surface or flat occlusal dentin surface and cut bucco-lingually to form two halves with slow speed diamond saw. One of them was used under non-contamination, other under contamination with saliva. The bonding procedure was according to the manufacturer's directions and resin composite(Z-100, 3M Dental Products, St. Paul, MN) was built-up on the bonded surface 5mm high. The specimens were ground carefully at the enamel-composite interface with fine finishing round diamond bur to create an hour-glass shape yielding bonded surface areas of $1.5{\pm}0.1\textrm{mm}^2$. The specimens were bonded to the modified microtensile testing apparatus with cyanoacrylate, attached to the universal testing machine and stressed in tension at a CHS of 1mm/min. The tensile force at failure was recorded and converted to a tensile stress(MPa). Mean values and standard deviations of the bond strength are listed in table. One-way ANOVA was used to determine significant difference at the 95% level. The bond strength of SBMP and SB were not affected by salivary contamination, but that of UB was significantly affected by salivary contamination. These results indicate that DBSs with total etch technique seems less likely affected by salivary contamination in bonding procedure.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2013

In order to find a sanitary logistic way to handle library books, papers and environmental sources contacting the books were tested in their microbial contamination load and methods to decontaminate the books were investigated. Generally bacterial load of inner book pages was very low, but increased when contaminated with liquid such as saliva. In contrast, their lateral ends showed much higher bacterial contamination presumably due to dry dust contamination on there. As operations to improve the sanitary book conditions, turbulent air blow was found to be workable for reducing dry dusty contamination and 280 nm ultra-violet (UV) light emitting diode (LED) was so for decontaminating wet surface contamination. Microbial inactivation by the UV LED could be realized with irradiation for more than 5 minutes at 2 cm distance. Air blow of 5.5 m/s for 0.5~1 minute could reduce the dusty contamination on a model book surface.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 2000

During bonding procedure of composite resin, the prepared cavity can be contaminated by saliva. In this study, marginal microleakage and shear bond strength of a composite resin to primed enamel and dentin treated with artificial saliva(Taliva$^{(R)}$) were evaluated. For the marginal microleakage test, Class V cavities were prepared in the buccal surfaces of fifty molars. The samples were randomly assigned into 5 groups with 10 samples in each group. Control group was applied with a bonding system (Scotchbond$^{TM}$ Multi-Purpose plus) according to manufacture's directions without saliva contamination. Experimental groups were divided into 4 groups and contaminated with artificial saliva for 30 seconds after priming: Experimental 1 group ; artificial saliva was dried with compressed air only, Experimental 2 group ; artificial saliva was rinsed and dried. Experimental 3 group ; cavities were etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds after rinsing and drying artificial saliva. Experimental 4 group ; cavities were etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds and primer was reapplied after rinsing and drying artificial saliva. All the cavities were applied a bonding agent and filled with a composite resin (Z-100$^{TM}$). Specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuschin dye for 24 hours and embedded in transparent acrylic resin and sectioned buccolingually with diamond wheel saw. Four sections were obtained from one specimen. Degree of marginal leakage was scored under stereomicroscope and their scores were averaged from four sections. The data were analyzed by Kruscal-Wallis test and Fisher's LSD. For the shear bond strength test, the buccal or occlusal surfaces of one hundred molar teeth were ground to expose enamel(n=50) or dentin(n=50) using diamond wheel saw and its surface was smoothed with Lapping and Polishing Machine(South Bay Technology Co., U.S.A.). Samples were divided into 5 groups. Treatment of saliva-contaminated enamel and dentin surfaces was same as the marginal microleakage test and composite resin was bonded via a gelatin capsule. All specimens were stored in distilled water for 48 hours. The shear bond strengths were measured by universal testing machine (AGS-1000 4D, Shimaduzu Co., Japan) with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/minute. Failure mode of fracture sites was examined under stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's studentized range test. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Enamel marginal microleakage showed no significant difference among groups. 2. Dentinal marginal microleakages of control, experimental 2 and 4 groups were lower than those of experimental 1 and 3 groups (p<0.05). 3. The shear bond strength to enamel was the highest value in control group (20.03${\pm}$4.47MPa) and the lowest value in experimental 1 group (13.28${\pm}$6.52MPa). There were significant differences between experimental 1 group and other groups (p<0.05). 4. The shear bond strength to dentin was higher in control group (17.87${\pm}$4.02MPa) and experimental 4 group (16.38${\pm}$3.23MPa) than in other groups, its value was low in experimental 1 group (3.95${\pm}$2.51 MPa) and experimental 2 group (6.72${\pm}$2.26MPa)(p<0.05). 5. Failure mode of fractured site on the enamel showed mostly adhesive failures in experimental 1 and 3 groups. 6. Failure mode of fractured site on the dentin did not show adhesive failures in control group, but showed mostly adhesive failure in experimental groups. As a summary of above results, if the primed tooth surface was contaminated with artificial saliva, primer should be reapplied after re-etching it.