• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 1993

To maintain a good sperm motility is one of the key factors for the successful artificial insemination in retrograde ejaculation, and the sperm motility has been shown to be affected by various environmental factors, including change in pH and osmolarity. Herein we have analyzed the effect of change in pH and osmolarity in urine and normal saline on sperm motility by Sperm Quality Analyzer and Makler counting chamber. Semen, which sampled by masturbation from a 28 year old male and showed normal finding on semen analysis, was used for this study. The results were as follows: 1. When osmolarity was fixed to 300mOsm, pH did not show a definite effect on the sperm moility. However, the motility was generally a bit better in alkaline urine and saline than in acid, particularly than in pH 5.0. 2. When pH was fixed to 7.5, sperm motility was best in urine and saline of 300mOsm. Hyperosmolarity had more adverse.effect on the motility than hypoosmolarity. 3. The sperm motility was worse in the urine than in saline under the same pH and osmolarity. In conclusion, osmolarity has a definite effect on sperm motility, where as pH has relatively little effect. And certain components of urine other than pH and osmolarity might affect the sperm motility.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.376-380
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the effect of activated charcoal on wound healing in an experimentally induced skin wound model. Full-thickness, skin defects ($2 cm{\times}2 cm$) were made in two different areas on the back of eight New Zealand white rabbits. Eight of 16 wounds were treated with gauze-gauze-impregnated activated charocal granules, and another eight wounds were treated with gauze-soaked saline. Wound areas were measured every other day for 2 weeks after the wound-ing. Statistical analysis was performed with the student t-test. The mean percentage of wound con- traction on the 14th day in the activated charcoal-treaded group and in the saline treated group were 93.5% and 81_7%, respectively. The mean value of tensile, strength ell the 21s1 day after wounding was,42.70{\pm}0.8 kg/5cm^2$,/TEX> in the activated charcoal-treated group and $1.75 {\pm} 0.5 kg/5 cm^2$ in the saline treated group. Significantly reduced wound area (p<0.05) and high tensile strength value (P<0.O5) were observed in activated charcoal-treated group compared with those in the saline treated group. In summary activated charcoa1 significantly reduced the wound area an increased tensile strength in the rabbit 7kin wound model. These results suggest that application of activated charcoal in skill wounds will promote wound healing.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 1973

As a continuation of efforts to elucidate the influence of ginseng upon nucleic acid content of various tissues, a study was carried out which measured testicular RNA and DNA contents of rats following administration of ginseng. Thirty male rats $(body\;weight:\;180{\sim}230\;gm)$ were equally divided into a ginseng and a saline group. Once a day for 5 days they received subcutaneously 0.5 m1/100 gm body weight of ginseng extract solution (4 mg of ginseng alcohol extract in 1 ml of saline), and the same amount of satire, respectively. On the 5th experimental day, all animals were sacrificed 2 hours after the last medication and their testicular RNA and DNA contents were measured using the chemical method of Schmidt-Thannhauser-Schneider. Following results were obtained: 1. Testicular RNA and DNA contents were significantly higher in the ginseng group than in the saline group. 2. RNA/DNA ratio of the testis was lower in the ginseng group than in the saline group. However, the two groups did not differ significantly with regard to the RNA/DNA ratio. The ginseng is inferred to raise RNA and DNA contents of testis in rats.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.129-139
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• 1990

In order to determine if GK-101E(N-monochloro-DL-2-aminobutyrate) solution was effective in the removal of carious dentin, this study was conducted on 75 extracted human carious teeth. GK-101E solution was compared in effectiveness to saline solution.75 extracted human carious teeth were randomly assigned to two groups accordingly : (1) 50 teeth were treated with GK-101E solution : and (2) 25 teeth were treated with saline solution. Teeth in each group were divided into the medium or medium-hard consistency. Treatment consisted of directing the pulsating stream of each coded test solution utilizing the Caridex$^{TM}$ Caries Removal System against the carious surface for 4 mimutes. One operator treated all teeth with corded solution, and four investigators scored on the treated teeth based on visual examination and tactile evaluation with a dental explorer in conjunction with staining method with Caries Detector$^{TM}$ The results were as follows : 1. All groups showed various effect of carious dentin removal. 2. GK-101E solution was statistically superior to physiologic saline solution in the removal of carious dentin, regardless of carious consistency. 3. GK-101E solution in the medium-hard consistency was statistically superior to that in the medium consistency in the caries removal(p=0.001). 4. Saline solution in the medium consistency was equivalent to that in the medium-hard consistency in caries removal(p>0.1).

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to survey caregivers of patients with Neuromuscular Rare and Incurable Disease (NRID) using invasive home mechanical ventilator (HMV), in order to compare the incident rate of pneumonia by tracheal suction procedures used. Method: Participants were 99 family caregivers of NRID patients using HMV. Participants were given a questionnaire consisting of 12 demographic items, 10 items about disease and HMV related characteristics, 11 items about tracheal suction procedures, and 2 items about the incidence of pneumonia. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests and t-tests. Results: The items that predicted the incidence of pneumonia were "change of irrigation saline every suction" (p=.047), "use of aseptic catheter every suction" (p=.004), and "instillation of normal saline before suction" (p=.027). In addition, these items were 47.4%, 51.4%, and 38.8% respectively. Conclusion: Family members caring for NRID patients with invasive HMV should be educated about tracheal suction, especially the necessity of changing irrigation saline after every suction, using the aseptic catheter for every suction, and instillation of normal saline before suction. Medical personnel such as home care nurses should periodically check tracheal suction procedures, and re-educate family caregivers when necessary.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.324-333
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three different oral care treatments on the oral state of patients with intubation in intensive care units. Methods: The research design was a nonequivalent control group design with repeated measures. The patients were assigned a normal saline, chlorhexidine or toothbrushing group. Each group received its own oral care treatment for 5 minutes, twice a day and for 8 days. The oral assessment guide, hygiene performance index and pathogenic microorganisms. Data were collected from patients before the experiment, 4 days after, and 8 days after completion and were evaluated. Results: The chlorhexidine group and tooth brushing group showed significant improvement on the oral assessment guide and decrease in the hygiene performance index, compared to the normal saline group. Similarly, pathogenic microorganisms were significantly decreased in the chlorhexidine group and tooth brushing group, when compared to the normal saline group. Conclusions: Oral treatments with chlorhexidine and toothbrushing improve the oral health state of patients, therefore use of chlorhexidine and toothbrushing could be an effective nursing intervention for intubated patients in intensive care units.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.218-222
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• 1982

It has been ascertained by a few researchers that soil salinities of the saline paddy fields have some effects upon the root development of the rice plants. But much is not known about the root formations of the rice plants in different varieties cultivated at the saline paddy field. Therefore this experiments were conducted to study the salinity tolerance of rice plants via variety test. Tested varieties were Akibare, Jinheung, Milyang #30, Josaeng Tongil, Suweon #264 and Suweon #287. And testing methods were cultivation experiment at the saline paddy field and leaf-cutting method at the laboratory. The results of cultivation experiment showed Milyang #30 and Josaeng Tongil were superior to others in root formation, and those of leaf-cutting method revealed that Josaeng Tongil and Mi1yang #30 were also superior to others in root formation and root length.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.324-333
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• 2014

The Black Pine, Pinus thunbergii, is widely distributed along the eastern coast of Korea and its importance as a shelterbelt was highlighted after tsunamis in Indonesia and Japan. The root endophytic diversity of P. thunbergii was investigated in three coastal regions; Goseong, Uljin, and Busan. Fungi were isolated from the root tips, and growth rates of pure cultures were measured and compared between PDA with and without 3% NaCl to determine their saline resistance. A total of 259 isolates were divided into 136 morphotypes, of which internal transcribed spacer region sequences identified 58 species. Representatives of each major fungi phylum were present: 44 Ascomycota, 8 Zygomycota, and 6 Basidiomycota. Eighteen species exhibited saline resistance, many of which were Penicillium and Trichoderma species. Shoreline habitats harbored higher saline-tolerant endophytic diversity compared with inland sites. This investigation indicates that endophytes of P. thunbergii living closer to the coast may have higher resistance to salinity and potentially have specific relationships with P. thunbergii.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2019

In this study, 4 different types of GBR membrane were undergone for bio-degradability test; Silk mat from silkworm cocoon (TDI), silk mat from flatwise-spun (FS), collagen membrane (OssGuide), and dPTFE membrane (Cytoplast). Each material was segmented in 10.00 mm length and 0.3 mm thickness. The samples were put into the normal saline at $37^{\circ}C$ for 2 weeks. After that, yield strength and tensile strain were measured and compared them with those of before treatment. The morphology of the membranes was observed by SEM. Tensile strain of FS was significantly increased at 2 weeks' normal saline treatment (P=0.018). When compared to OssGuide, TDI and FS showed significantly higher tensile strain at 2 weeks' normal saline treatment (P<0.05). In the SEM images, there were no significant changes in Cytoplast, TDI, and FS after 2 weeks' treatment. However, OssGuide showed damaged surface after 2 weeks' treatment. In conclusion, both TDI and FS did not have any evidence of biodegradability at 2 weeks' observation in normal saline treatment. However, OssGuide showed more than 20 % decrease in yield strength and tensile strain.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the potency-stabilizing effects of two different diluents of botulinum toxin A (10% dextrose solution and 0.9% saline). Methods: A mouse lethality bioassay was undertaken. Ninety mice were divided into experimental and control groups which received varying dosages in subgroups of 10. The experimental group was injected with botulinum toxin A diluted with 10% dextrose solution and the control group was injected with botulinum toxin A diluted with 0.9% saline. A 72 hours after intraperitoneal injection, the number of dead mice was counted to confirm median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of each group. Results: The value of $LD_{50}$ in the experimental group was approximately 0.131 mL (1.31 U) and the value of $LD_{50}$ in the control group was approximately 0.107 mL (1.07 U). The potency preservation rate of the experimental group was estimated to be 93.5% and that of the control group was estimated to be 76.3%. Conclusions: Dilution with 10% dextrose solution displayed less potency loss than 0.9% saline.