• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.74-79
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to find out its effect on changes in the joint angle and the success rate of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by conducting cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) when wearing and not wearing PPE (personal protective equipment) targeting 20 paramedics with more than 5 years of experience. The subjects carried out CPR in 30:2 for 4 minutes and collected images were digitized by Kwon3D XP Software Package(Version 4.0) and then data were obtained. Data, which were collected by analyzing the motion when starting in one cycle, when pressing to the maximum, in the final position (relaxed), were analyzed by using SPSS 18.0. In conclusion, during CPR, the angle of the both shoulder joints was not significant (p>.05) and the angle of the right elbow joint was reduced in all positions and was statistically significant (p<.05) and the angle of the left was significantly reduced in the maximum pressure posture and the final position (p>.05). In the case of the trunk, the angle increased statistically significantly at all stages (p<.01, p<.001). Also, during CPR, the average compression rate was significantly reduced after wearing PPE (p<.05) and average hand escape time by cycle increased statistically significantly (p<.05) but chest compression execution rate at the correct depth did not show any significant difference between the two groups (p>05).

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 2006

Predicting energy expenditure (EE) is important to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The problem to predict EE is that the standard of EE is based on western data. The authors checked average EE by job categories to provide basic data for suggesting proper work intensity for Korean workers. This study was conducted from 2003 to 2005. Study subjects were recruited from 4 car parts assembly plant, 2 car assembly plant, 2 Heavy machine manufacturing plant and 2 shipyards. Total study subjects were 515 male workers. To estimate VO2max, sub-maximal test was conducted to measure VO275%max by bicycle ergometer (Combi Co, Aerobike 75XL II). Heartbeats were recorded with heartbeat recorder (Polar Electro Co, Finland, S810) during work. EE of work was calculated by recorded heartbeat and individual regression equation which was derived from sub-maximal test. Subjects were classified into 4 industry and 8 work posture, 23 job task categories. Mean EEs (S.D.) according to industry classification (kcal/min) were 4.9 (0.7), 4.8 (0.7), 4.9 (0.7), 5.0 (0.9), and 4.0 (0.5) for Car Part manufacture, Car Assembly, Ship Building, Heavy Machinery Manufacture, and Hospital Office, respectively. The results suggest that Korean male workers of exceeding to the NIOSH criteria will be needed to plan for job rescheduling to maintain $worker^{\circ}$Øs health. Further study to establish Korean work intensity standard would be needed.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.371-378
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• 2014

Manual materials handling tasks are the main risk factors for the work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Many assistant tools for manual materials handling are being used in various kind of industries. One of them is a 4-wheeled cart which is widely used in manufacturing factories, hospitals, etc. The major force required to control the 4-wheeled cart is pushing and pulling. There are two types of handles being used for the 4-wheeled cart : vertical type (two vertical handles), and horizontal type (one horizontal handle). This study tried to investigate the pushing forces and subjective discomforts (hand/writst, shoulder, low back, and overall) of the two handle types with different handle height and distance conditions. Twelve healthy male students (mean age = 23.4 years) participated in the experiment. The independent variables were handle angle (horizontal, vertical), handle height (low, medium, high), and handle distance (narrow, medium, wide). The full factorial design was used for the experiment and the maximum pushing forces were measured in 18 different conditions ($2{\times}3{\times}3$). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure was conducted to test the effects of the independent variables on the pushing force and discomfort levels. Handle height and angle were found to be the critical design factors that affect the maximal pushing forces and subjective discomfort. In the middle height, subjects exerted higher pushing forces, and experience lower discomfort levels compared to the high, and low height. There was no statistical influence of the handle distance to the pushing forces and subjective discomfort levels. It was found out that the effects of the handle angle (horizontal and vertical) on both pushing force and subjective discomfort were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The vertical handle revealed higher pushing force and lower discomfort level than the horizontal handle. The reason for that was thought to be the different postures of the hand when grasping the handles. The horizontal handle induced pronaton of the hand and made hand posture more deviated from the neutral position.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.123-136
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• 2012

The validity of the results from observational methods such as RULA, REBA, OWAS has been one of major concerns due to their subjective characteristics in determining the posture of interests. There have been many studies regarding validity of the results from each checklist. However, most studies provided only fragmentary rather than comprehensive results in nature. This study specifically tried to analyze consistency of novice user based on intra-observer consistency and sensitivity of industrial types during MSDs(Musculoskekltal Disorders) evaluation with major checklists. In this study, twenty two novice subjects were participated to conduct MSDs evaluation for the forty five jobs from three types of industries(automobile, electronics, hospital). The main results for this study were summarized as follows; 1) The action level based on RULA was always higher than that from REBA and OWAS for all three types of industries., 2) The order of consistency from novice users was OWAS(72.7%(kappa=0.57)) RULA(54.3%(kappa=0.41)), REBA(41.0%(kappa=0.34))., 3) The percentage of agreement between 2nd and 3rd trials was higher than those between 1st and 2nd trials and between 1st and 3rd trials irrespective of industrial types during using RULA and REBA., 4) The average score of automobile industry was higher than those of hospital and electronics industries., 5) The types of jobs associated with five body parts(A1(Front), A2(Interior), A3(Rear), A4(Lower), A5(Door)) in automobile industry showed statistically significant differences in terms of MSDs scores for the body parts considered in each checklists.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.71-79
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to identify the observable symptoms of musculoskeletal disease from electronic components manufacturing workers who involved in many repetitive tasks and to provide the basic data for the prevention and management. The survey was conducted on 721 people from 15 April, 2013 to 17 May, 2013 by self­recording type. The results of the study are as follows. First, symptom complaints based on different body parts are in following order, waist was 12.9%, shoulder was 10.5%, neck was 7.4%, hand/wrist/finger was 7.4%, leg/foot was 4.4%, arm/elbow was 2.8%, and 21.9% of the respondents showed symptoms in more than one body part. Sex, age, marital status, work experience, work intensity, and past accident experience were statistically significant. Second, in the job stress evaluation, all male and female workers were below the median of Korean workers in all of 8 categories. the higher the scores for lack of job autonomy, the higher the symptom complaints of musculoskeletal disease. In the case of patients complain observable symptoms of musculorskeletal disease, they should receive proper outpatient treatment, various programs such as stretching by body parts, setting up a desirable working posture, switching to cyclical work, should b developed as much as possible.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2011

It has been very important to have an exact evaluation for risk factors in order to prevent WMSDs(Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders). However, most WMSDs evaluation methods have always been some problems of possibilities associated with subjective evaluation. Therefore, this study tried to conduct a sort of usability analysis on three major evaluation methods(OWAS, RULA, REBA). Specifically, major subjects in the study consisted of three parts as follows; comparison of the results between experienced and inexperienced observers, analysis for the consistency of the results in terms of different evaluation times, and analysis for the consistency of the results in terms of different job characteristics(based on the part of the automobile). The results of the study were summarized as follows; 1) There was statistically significant difference of the results by RULA and by REBA between experienced and inexperienced observers. This might be due to the fact that experienced observers have had better ability to detect the important working posture during evaluation. However, the results by OWAS did not give any significantly different results between experienced and inexperienced observers, 2) All three checklists applied by experienced subjects did not show any single result significantly different in terms of different evaluation times. This might have to do with high intra-observer reliability from some of previous studies, 3) The five parts of an automobile were selected as five major jobs with different job characteristics in the automobile industry. Specifically, they were door part, front part(hood, etc.), inside part(dash board, seats, etc.), rear part(trunk etc.), and bottom part. All three methods did not show any significant differences for the results from each observers. Further study on this subject would eventually provide a sophisticated evaluating guidelines for WMSDs regarding determination of observer-specific evaluation, identification of repetitive number of evaluations for stable results for each checklist, determination of job-specific evaluation methods, and so on.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.253-258
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• 2016

Objectives: The goals of this research were to evaluate acute (single-dose) and sub-acute (repeated-dose) toxicity profiles of methanolic extract of Pistacia integerrima J. L. Stewart ex Brandis (PI) for Wistar rats and to assess the safety profile of PI by observing physiological changes, mortality, changes in body weight, the histopathology of body organs, the hematology and the biochemistry of the animals. Methods: The toxicity profile of PI was evaluated using Wistar rats of both sexes. Animals were divided into four groups: Group 1; control group (normal saline), Group 2; PI-1 (250 mg/kg), Group 3; PI-2 (500 mg/kg), Group 4; PL-3 (1,000 mg/kg). An acute-toxicity study in which animals received a single dose of PI extract (2,000 mg/kg) and were then observed for 14 days for changes in skin, fur, eye color, mucous membrane secretions and excretions, gait, posture, and tonic or clonic movements was performed according to guideline 425 of the Organization of Economic and Corporation Development (OECD). In the repeated-dose toxicity study (OECD - 407) animals received a daily dose of PI extract for 28 days (4 weeks). The parameters observed in this study include body weight, hematology and biochemistry of the animals. Results: In the acute toxicity study, no mortalities or changes in behavior were noted in the animals. The repeated-dose toxicity study was also devoid of any toxicity in the animals during the 28 days of testing with PI extract. The extract did not alter- the body weight, hematology or biochemistry of the animals. The methanolic extract of PI was to be found safe to the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for the single-dose and repeated-dose toxicity tests in rats. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of PI was devoid of toxicity; hence, it can be used for various ayurvedic preparations and treatments of diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.88-94
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to find out the difference of foot pressure according to the firefighter's work postures for providing the basic information to prevent Musculoskeletal disorders. This study was conducted by 9 male firefighters. Work postures were selected for rescuee handling, fire hose and hydraulic rescue equipment work postures. These were divided into 3 position, "High", "Middle" and the postures of taking out and letting down hydraulic rescue equipment were analyzed as starting point and end point respectively. Foot Pressure was used to analyze contact area, peak pressure, and maximum force in terms of work postures, and compared between fire hose and hydraulic rescue equipment work postures. The results of foot pressure are as follows. According to the results of rescuee handling work postures, one person handling posture showed wide contact area and foot pressure showed the highest at right foot. Accoridng to the (High), (Middle), (Low) postures of fire hose, the results didn't show the difference among the contact area, peak pressure and maximum force. As the results of hydraulic rescue equipment work postures, (Low) postures showed the highest in terms of the right foot of contact area, peak pressure and maximum force and (High) postures showed the highest in left foot. The increase of foot pressure lead to be inconvenience of low extremity and muscle fatigue for maintaining postural control cause pain. Thus, it is necessary to design insole-equipped working shoe for reduce the impulse and effect of foot during the rescuee handling work which standing out as foot pressure.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.735-740
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• 2022

The construction is the industry with the highest fatalities, and the fatalities has not decreased despite various institutional improvements. Accordingly, real-time safety management by applying artificial intelligence (AI) to CCTV images is emerging. Although some research on worker detection by applying AI to images of construction sites is being conducted, there are limitations in performance expression due to problems such as complex background due to the nature of the construction industry. In this study, the YOLO model and the OpenPose model were fused to improve the performance of worker detection and posture estimation to improve the detection performance of workers in various complex conditions. This is expected to be highly useful in terms of unsafe behavior and health management of workers in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.468-473
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to measure the opening force of an access door of a pressurized smoke control zone and verify the reliability of the opening force. For the access door opening force, the opening load of the access door was measured before and after pressurized air had entered the smoke control zone. The reliability of the measured values was verified using the Anderson Darling's statistical analysis method of the Minitab Program. Because the analyzed P values were greater than 0.05 except for some floors before and after the operation of the smoke control equipment, the opening force was found to have 95% reliability. The normal distribution of the measured values showed no relationship with the operation of the smoke control equipment and the precision of the force gauge was believed to be reliable. The major factors for the optimal design of the pressurized smoke control equipment include the precision and reliability of the force gauge, the correct posture of the measuring person, and the same conditions for access doors. Therefore, a digital force gauge is believed to be suitable for measuring the opening force of the access door of a pressurized smoke control zone. In addition, standardization of the posture of a measuring person, the setup of the initial opening force of an access door, etc., are major variables for effective measurements of the door opening force of an access door.