• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.115-123
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• 2017

Recently there is a growing interest in the airborne spread of virus. In particular, there is growing interest in secondary infection through the air in the hospital. The distribution of air-born virus depends on ventilation system installed in a hospital. In this study, simulations were carried out to predict the move of air-born virus by ventilation system at hospital. Simulation results showed that pressure distribution was -372.05Pa ~ -3.45 Pa at 1st floor incase of only used mechanical exhaust at bathroom, shower stall, storage, kitchen etc.. if ventilation switch from used mechanical exhaust to mechanical exhaust & mechanical supply. Simulation results showed that pressure distribution was -336.44Pa at stair hall < -0.2Pa at bathroom < mean 1.19Pa at other room. So simulation results showed that using all of the mechanical supply and mechanical exhaust was more effective then the mechanical exhaust for maintain the pressure distribution in hospital. It was also showed that when using the mechanical supply and mechanical exhaust more effectively prevention of air born virus diffusion.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.515-530
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• 2012

This research aims to audit foodservice sanitation management practices and to assess microbiological quality of foods and their food contact environments in kindergartens. Sanitation auditing was conducted in 10 kindergartens in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon areas to assess the levels of safety practices. Results revealed that the surveyed kindergartens scored 41.4 out of 100 points, on average. The average scores of each category were 6.4/11 (58.1%) for facilities sanitation, 4.2/12 (35.0%) for equipment sanitation, 2.4/10 (24.0%) for personal hygiene, 5.1/10 (51.0%) for food ingredients management, 6.0/17 (35.3%) for production process, 5.4/10 (54.0%) for environmental sanitation, 2.0/6 (33.3%) for kitchen utensils sanitation, and 2.2/6 (96.7%) for safety management. Microbiological quality of raw, prepared foods, personal sanitation (hands), environmental sanitation, and drinking water were assessed. Total plate counts (TPC) of the following menus exceeded the critical limit: seasoned leek (5 log CFU/g), cucumber (5.0 log CFU/g), panbroiled fish paste (TNTC at $10^4$), tangpyeongchae (5.3 log CFU/g), egg rolls (6.1 log CFU/g), panbroiled sausage (TNTC at $10^4$), and soft tofu pot stew (TNTC at $10^4$). Coliform which exceeded the standard limit were detected from seasoned leek (2 log CFU/g), cucumber (2.5 log CFU/g), panbroiled fish paste (2.0 log CFU/g), egg roll (3.8 log CFU/g), tangpyeongchae (4.0 log CFU/g), panbroiled sausage (2.3 log CFU/g), and soft tofu pot stew (3.7 log CFU/g). For seasoned foods (muchim), S. aureus ranged 2.2~2.9 log CFU/g. In food workers' hands, microbial profiles ranged 3.8~7.9 log CFU/hand for TPC, ND~4.5 log CFU/hand for coliforms, ND~4.7 log CFU/hand for S. aureus, and ND~5.3 log CFU/hand for Enterobacteriaceae. Microbiological profiles of food contact surface of knives, cutting boards, dish-clothes, and trays showed possibilities of cross-contamination. General bacteria were 2.1~4.5 logCFU/ml in 4 purified water samples and E. coli were found in the kitchen of one kindergarten. These results suggested that environmental sanitation management practices need more strict improvement: effective sanitation education methods and practices were strongly required, and more strict sanitation management for cooking utensils and equipment were required.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.33-41
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• 2013

It is not surprising that senior centers are widely used nationwide as Korea becomes an aging society. This study attempts to figure out senior citizens' needs and evaluations of senior centers in terms of characteristics of their usage and spatial composition. A face to face interview using a questionnaire was conducted on 255 senior citizens who has been using senior centers located in Jangyu new city apartment housing complex. The questionnaire is composed of questions asking characteristics of their usage, evaluations of spatial composition, and respondents' demographic data. Findings are: First, it is found that many respondents visit senior centers everyday and spend 4 to 6 hours a day. Their main activities are meeting friends, taking hobbies, and dining. That is, senior centers play a pivotal role in daily lives of senior citizens. Such characteristics should be taken into account in space design when planning to build a future senior center; Second, it is found that senior centers play a role of auxiliary space for building their sense of belonging and familarity. It is found that furnitures in senior centers are worn out and safety measures are not sufficiently considered; Third, it is found that they highly evaluate flexible spacial composition that could be partitioned or extended depending on occasions even though they prefer independent space; Fourth, it is found that kitchen facilities are not large enough considering the fact that more that half of the respondents have their lunches in senior centers. Even though they do not cook for themselves kitchen space should be large enough for preparing meals simultaneously for a large number people.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.127-135
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• 2011

In this study, we assumed the kitchen fire raising the highest fire rate in apt. and analyzed the fire risk to use CFD in order to estimate the problem of evacuation equipment and the fire vulnerability of 16 or fewer storey apartment. Fire occurring in the kitchen is expended to the livingroom and other rooms. We analyzed that the temperature effected by heat was more than $60^{\circ}C$ after 90 sec in the entrance of apartment unit. If fire is early recognized by men and men don't escape in time, it have too huge demage to block the exit. When the evacuation equipment suggested in this study was installed in order to solve the problem of evacuation equipment, we analyzed that it was estimated more than safe in safety evaluation by heat and heat flux.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1235-1250
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• 2012

This study is to investigate the housing conditions and housing satisfaction of Chinese students in S. Korea, and identified effective factors for related housing design. Chinese students at CBNU participated in this survey from November to December in 2011. A questionnaire survey was used. 200 students voluntarily participated in this survey with 147 surveys providing useful data for analysis. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and linear regression were used to analyzed the data with SPSS 12.0. The results are as follow. 1) Many Chinese students received housing information from discussion with acquaintance. They lived together 2 students in one-room or dormitory. Monthly rental was about 240,000 won, and they found the living conditions a burden. 2) They are unsatisfied with food, the lack of a refrigerator, and non availability kitchen facilities. These factors are considered in planning for Chinese students housing. 3) For the most part, they are satisfied with their current housing environment, although there is a need to improve health related housing environment factors, including sunlight, noise, and indoor air. The effective residential factors to overall housing satisfaction are dwelling space and size, space organization and floor plan, kitchen toilet bathroom facilities, sunlight, and safety from natural disasters. The effective neighborhood factors identified include access to natural environment, community facilities, parks, noise, and commuting time. 4) Subjective factors played a larger role in overall housing satisfaction than did objective factors such as gender and types of house.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.93-102
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• 2015

Most existing residential environment of disabled people has made them exposed to the risk of safety accidents, and therefore hinders their independent living. In this regard, the importance of desirable residential environment has emerged. Some preceding studies have addressed the characteristics of disabled people's residential environment plan; however, the information on what environmental benefits are offered through such characteristics is insufficient. This study aims to analyze the housing design guidelines for disabled people in respect of the benefit of disabled people who are actual users. In this study, essential design guidelines for disabled people verified through expert workshop panel was analyzed based on user benefit theory. According to the study results, the total guidelines have the most characteristics supporting behavioral facilitation, and mainly consist of physiological maintenance characteristics related to disabled people's health and safety. Also, it is founded that environmental affordance essentially required depending on each spatial function was different. The ratio of physiological maintenance item is high in access route, unlike living room, kitchen and bed room where behavioral facilitation is especially emphasized. These findings can be utilized as basic data for customized residential environment plan to realize residential welfare for disabled people.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

The purpose of this current study was to examine the effects of nutrition and food safety management support by the Center for Children's Foodservice Management (CCFSM) in foodservice facilities for children in the Ulsan area. From December 2014 to July 2015, the status of nutrition practices and hygiene practices was assessed by dietitians using nutrition and hygiene practice checklists. The subjects of study were 48 institutional foodservice facilities for children. Some nutrition practice items showed significant increases in average scores of 'using CCFSM menus (P<0.001), revising menus (P<0.05), and reconfirm menus (P<0.01)' from pre-support to post-support. Regarding hygiene practices, some items between pre-support to post-support showed significant increases in average scores of 'having equipment for hand washing & disinfecting' (P<0.01), 'wearing disinfected clothing for kitchen hygienically' (P<0.05), 'proper sterilization' (P<0.05), 'recording the origin of ingredients' (P<0.01), 'use of different knives/cutting boards' (P<0.05), and 'an appropriate thawing process' (P<0.05) from pre-support to post-support. Based on the above results, we found that nutrition and hygiene management support by CCFSM in foodservice facilities for children had a positive influence on status of some nutrition and food safety practices.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.174-176
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• 2003

A survey was conducted to investigate the sanitary condition of school kitchens in one region of Korea. A self-administered questionnaire recommended by the Korea Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development (MOEHRD) was offered to a random sample of dieticians of twenty-five elementary schools for food, sanitation and safety inspection of their kitchens. Air temperature, relative humidity, and airborne microbes in the kitchens were monitored during food preparation, processing and service. The inspection results showed their sanitary condition met the level B of the recommendation of the Korea MOEHRD. The range of air temperature of the kitchens was 21.4∼22.4$^{\circ}C$, and the range of relative humidity was 62.4∼69.6%. The microbiological evaluation of kitchen samples indicated aerobic plate count levels from 22.5 to 26.5 CFU/15 min. These results indicate that the levels of sanitary condition of kitchens in the schools were not satisfactory for safe foodservice although the inspection showed good results. This study suggests that the school kitchens should be monitored and strict inspection is necessary.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.4240-4247
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• 2013

This purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of safety practice and safety knowledge according to background variables of mothers and the relationship between practice and knowledge in safety of mothers. The subjects were 143 mothers in Iksan city. A questionnaire was made by the researcher on the basis of relevant materials. The data was analyzed by statistical methods such as frequency, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe and Pearson's correlation. The results are as follow: First, mothers' safety knowledge was higher than average. There were significant differences in emergence care, dangerous material, toy safety and young children' developmental character according to mothers' age. There were significant differences in dangerous situation, young children' developmental character and sum score of safety knowledge according to mothers' educational level. So there were significant differences in electrical fire safety, young children's developmental character according to children's age. Second, mothers typically practiced home safety. There were significant differences bathroom, entrance according to mothers' age. And there were significant differences room, kitchen and sum score of safety practice according to children's age. Third, there is no correlation between mothers' safety knowledge and home safety practice.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.2 s.74
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• pp.11-22
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is 1) to clarify that the house is no long the safe place through the cases of the senior safety accidents and to argue the need for housing repair and 2) to present the minimum standards for housing repair by comparing the cases here as well as the abroad and to back up the standards with the current senior housing environment 300 people at least 60 years old living in Seoul$\cdot$Metropolitan area were interviewed using the structured questionnaire. As the result, the following conclusions were made: 1. There was high accident rates of the senior residents due to physical deficits within the house, causing excessive medical cost and decreased housing satisfaction. This problem can be sufficiently prevented by housing repair which can not only solve the safety problem but also support self sufficient living for the senior residents. 2. Proper housing repair required the architectural know how as well as the expertise knowledge of the physical characteristics of the senior people. Therefore, it is essential to secure the professional (i.e., occupational therapist) who can analyze the needs of the senior residents and evaluate and/or predict the obstacles during repair. Furthermore, development and distribution of the standardized manual are also needed. 3. The minimum standard for housing repair could be approached in view of 'barrier-free' concept. First, the bumps should be removed, slippery prevented, and safety grab-bar installed for safety. Second, the entrance should be widened and the bathroom and kitchen restructured to support for the senior residents' self sufficiency. To make housing repair policy more efficient, the legal basis is required. It can be incorporated into the existing senior citizens 'Welfare Act' or the 'Senior Residents Medical Insurance' which will be effective starting in 2007.