• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1561-1572
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• 2016

The ability to handle materials from one location to another, whether during transit or at the worksite is vital to all segments of industry. To varying degrees, many personnel in numerous workplaces take part in materials handling. Consequently, some employees are injured. In fact, rigging & slinging is a dangerous work using a crane and sling equipment to carry a cargo and the mishandling of materials is the single largest cause of accidents and injuries in the workplace. The majority of accidents associated with cranes and other lifting appliances are caused by faulty slinging, overloading, unbalanced loads, etc. which result in the load falling or tipping out of control, causing injury to people, damage to plant, machinery and the load. Therefore, recognizing the dangers of the works, there are much technical support including skill training in various institutes to minimize accidents during works on land. Although rigging work at sea is much dangerous than on land work because it needs to take account of the movements of the ships and waves, etc. in addition to land based rigging hazards, it is insufficient in appropriate actions that can improve the safety of the workers at sea. Therefore, this study suggested a rigging and slinging course for seafarers to improve their safety at sea by researching hazards and risk of rigging works and related skill training conducted on land.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.15-19
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• 2007

Mass mortalities of the farmed sea squirt, Halocynthia roretzi, occurred in August, 2006 along the Gyeongbuk coasts of the East Sea without any pathological symptom. Suspecting the No. 10 typhoon, Wukong, which had passed over the relevant locations in the middle of August, 2006 as a culprit of the mortalities, we compared water temperature stratifications of the affected coasts before and after the typhoon. Just prior to the typhoon, cold waters lower than $15^{\circ}C$ were stratified at depths deeper than 10m probably by a persisting upwelling of cold bottom waters. The typhoon enforced water off-coast waters into coasts for 5 days, replacing the cold waters at depths $10{\sim}20m$ which can be justified by Ekman Spiral Effect. The results were an increment of water temperature by $10^{\circ}C$ and more at depths where sea squirts were suspended. The sudden elevation of water temperature might drive the sea squirts under abnormal stress to mass mortality.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.75-101
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• 1988

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.89-114
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• 1993

ICLL 66 is the most widely ratified instrument of the IMO and is, along with the International Convention on Safety of life at Sea (SOLAS), the primary document setting forth internationally agreed ship safety standards. ICLL 66 set freeboard requirement based on experience gained from the first Load Line Convention in 1930 and on contemporary developments in ship design. Reexamination of ICLL 66 is indicated by the proliferation of novel ship designs for which it lacks adequate regulations and by significant advancements in analytical seakeeping and deck wetness prediction techniques now available to the designer. In this paper, the Freeboard Advisory Group reviews these issues against the changing climate of the marine industry and maritime administrations, discusses the state of the art in analytical seakeeping programs, and outlines a series of recommendations for the establishment of a new international load line convention for the next century. The steps needs for an international program at IMO are discussed and a new convention is proposed.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2007

Even though some standard developmental bioassay protocols for environmental assessment using sea urchins have already been described, there have not been many attempts to apply and modify these protocols with Korean species. Therefore, there is a strong need to establish standard bioassay protocols using sea urchins commonly found in Korea. Prior to developing a new protocol, it is essential to know the optimal conditions for the bioassay procedures. We investigated the optimal conditions (temperature, salinity, and embryo density) of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. The ideal temperature for developmental bioassay of S. intermedius was determined to be $15^{\circ}C$ and the time required for the embryo to become pluteus larva was 72 hr. The optimal range of salinity for the embryo toxicity using S. intermedius was between 30 to 32 psu, which is similar to the range found in the natural habitats of adult populations. The optimum density of embryos at the beginning of bioassays was 100 embryos/mL. When the assays were carried out at higher densities, the proportion of normally developed larvae decreased significantly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.188-196
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• 2023

Among marine accidents caused by bad weather, visibility restrictions caused by sea fog occurrence cause accidents such as ship strand and ship bottom damage, and at the same time involve casualties caused by accidents, which continue to occur every year. In addition, low visibility at sea is emerging as a social problem such as causing considerable inconvenience to islanders in using transportation as passenger ships are collectively delayed and controlled even if there are local differences between regions. Moreover, such measures are becoming more problematic as they cannot objectively quantify them due to regional deviations or different criteria for judging observations from person to person. Currently, the VTS of each port controls the operation of the ship if the visibility distance is less than 1km, and in this case, there is a limit to the evaluation of objective data collection to the extent that the visibility of sea fog depends on the visibility meter or visual observation. The government is building a marine weather signal sign and sea fog observation networks for sea fog detection and prediction as part of solving these obstacles to marine traffic safety, but the system for observing locally occurring sea fog is in a very insufficient practical situation. Accordingly, this paper examines domestic and foreign policy trends to solve social problems caused by low visibility at sea and provides basic data on the need for government support to ensure maritime traffic safety due to sea fog by factually investigating and analyzing social problems. Also, this aims to establish a more stable maritime traffic operation system by blocking marine safety risks that may ultimately arise from sea fog in advance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.114-119
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• 1999

When NaOCl was generated and put into sea-water cooling machine in order to overcome the biological hindrances against sea-water cooling machine, it was converted into metallic ion, particularly Ca and Mg, as a hydrate in sea-water and is to stick to electrolyte as a side reaction. This phenomena make the distance between the electrolytes narrow to decrease the flow rate, which induces the local vortex flow which erodes the pole plate. Moreover, this increases the resistance of the electrolyte as well as voltage to decrease the electrolytic efficiency, which has curtailed a chlorine yield and caused a pole plate cut. We are able to overcome these problems by chemical cleaning and intend to extend the life-time of electrolyte and to increase output of the sea-water electrolysis facilities by studying optimal policy regarding chemical cleaning of electrolytic cell. Cleaning time of electrolytic facilities is determined when both increase in electrolytic efficiency and decrease in pole-plate voltage are 10%. At this time as operating current of electrolytic facilities is high, operating time is diminished. Whereas, parameter of end point determination according to cleaning is Mg ionic concentration in solution. When we use Cleaner as a 7wt% HCl, cleaning time is about 80min proper. We are able to maintain pole plate performance by protecting against pole plate cut by means of electrolytic by-product, improve operating rate of facilities, and cut down on maintenance expenditure after acidic cleaning.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.165-169
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• 1991

The effect of gamma irradiation on physico-chemical properties of salted sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida) was investigated. Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment of salted sea mustard were partially decreased by irradiation. However there was no significant difference in the retention rate of pigment between control and 2 kGy-irradiated samples after six months of storage at around $10^{\circ}C$, ranging values of 74 to 77% in chlorophyll and 54 to 56% in carotenoid. Total organic acids and volatile acids associated with the organoleptic quality of sea mustard increased in the samples of lower salt concentrations and of higher storage temperatures. The softening of sample tissue by irradiation was shown to be correlated with the extraction properties of alginic acid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.10 no.1 s.20
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• pp.55-59
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• 2004

Temperature inversion off Wasaka Bay in the East Sea was studied using data measured on a CREAMS cruise in June of 1995 and 1996. Temperature inversion occurred mainly at the upper layer of the thermocline at a depth of no more than 20 m and around the thermal front between the TWC and the coastal waters of Japan. At some stations. temperature inversion had an influence un density inversion, while, in some other stations, high salinity water prevented density inversion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.601-608
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to explore the long-term variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and cluster analysis derived from in-situ data in the coastal oceanographic observation 8 stations (Sokcho, Jumunjin, Donghae, Jukbyeon, Pohang, Janggigab, Ulgi, Gampo) of the East Sea during 1971-2013. As a result of cluster analysis, SST variations in each area could be divided into two groups, which was a group A of Sokcho, Jumunjin, Donghae, and group B of Jukbyeon, Pohang, Janggigab, Ulgi, Gampo. The SST and SST anomalies at Sokcho, Jukbyeon, Pohang and Gampo during 1971-2013 showed the increase-trend with the variations of decadal-scale. Annual SST values also increased remarkably after 1988. The increases of SST for 43 years showed $2.26^{\circ}C$ at Sokcho, $1.99^{\circ}C$ at Jukbyeon, $1.11^{\circ}C$ at Pohang and $0.89^{\circ}C$ at Gampo. In particular, the SST variations of the northern areas were higher than those of southern areas. The seasonal SSTs increased the order of Sokcho-Jukbyeon-Pohang-Gampo in fall and winter and that of Jukbyeon-Sokcho-Pohang-Gampo in spring and summer.