• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.259-267
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• 2020

Snakebite is a severe medical, economic, and social problem across the world, mostly in the tropical and subtropical area. These regions of the globe have typical of the world's venomous snakes present where access to prompt treatment is limited or not available. Snake venom is a complex mixture of toxin proteins like neurotoxin and cardiotoxin, and other enzymes like phospholipase A2 (PLA2), haemorrhaging, transaminase, hyaluronidase, phosphodiesterase, acetylcholinesterase, cytolytic and necrotic toxins. Snake venom shows a wide range of biological effects like anticoagulation or platelet aggregation, hemolysis, hypotension and edema. Phospholipase A2 is the principal constituent of snake venom; it catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of membrane glycerophospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid, which is the precursor of eicosanoids including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The information regarding the structure and function of the phospholipase A2 enzyme may help in treating the snakebite victims. This review article constitutes a brief description of the structure, types, mechanism occurrence, and tests of phospholipase A2 and role of components of medicinal plants used to inhibit phospholipase A2.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.191.1-191.1
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• 2003

The anti-oxidant activities of Acanthopanax senticosus stems were investigated. The n-BuOH fraction of A. senticosus stems exhibited a significant decrease in serum transaminase activities elevated by hepatic damage induced by CCl$_4$-intoxication in rats. The n-BuOH fraction inhibited the sGPT activities by 65.79%. The n-BuOH fraction showed the increase in the anti-oxidant enzymes such as hepatic cytoso1ic superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities by 30.31, 19.82 and 155%, respectively, in CCl$_4$-intoxicated rats. These results suggest that the stems of A. senticosus possess not only the hepatoprotective, but also the anti-oxidant activities in rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 1976

In the sequence of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity, increased serum levels of a number of enzymes have been demonstrated in experimental animals. These observations, therefore, have served to help in detecting hepatic injury. The serological influence of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and iproniazid on the acute $CCl_4$ poisoning was executed in this investigation taking use of 6 albino rabbits (around 2 kg b.w.) in each group. By measuring of blood sugar level (Nelson-Somogyi method), S-GOT and S-GPT activities (Reitman-Frankel method), the pharmacological effects of the drugs was evaluated setting pretreated groups against the control. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The intramuscular injection of $CCl_4$ led to increase the blood sugar level in first 3 hours and, after that, to decrease reasonably. But CPZ-pretreated group showed a tendency of increasing in compare with the control, and iproniazid-pretreated group inhibited evidently. 2. In S-GOT activity, the increased level was induced by $CCl_4$ in control. And CPZ-pretreated group showed a increased level until first day and decreased rapidly. But this property inhibited inhibited significantly by pretreating with iproniazid. 3. Although a single dose of $CCl_4$ increased the S-GPT activity, the more increasing trend was observed in CPZ-pretreated group. But these tendencies depressed remarkably in the iproniazid-pretreated group. It seemed to be attributed not to defend the $CCl_4$ toxicity but to be suppressed the enzyme systems in the liver by iproniazid that the blood sugar level and serum transaminase activities was decreased significantly in pretreating with iproniazid.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2015

Purpose: To evaluate clinical and laboratory profile of Wilson's disease (WD) in children. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital. Bangladesh, over a period of 3 years. One hundred consecutive children of WD between 3 to 18 years of age were evaluated. Results: Mean age was $8.5{\pm}1.5years$. Male female ratio was 2:1. Ninety-one percent of patients were Muslim and 9% Hindu. A total of 53% cases of hepatic WD presented between 5 to 10 years of age and most of the neurologic WD manifested in 10-15 years age group. Sixty-nine children presented only with hepatic manifestations, 6 only with neurological manifestations, 14 with both hepatic and neurological manifestation, 10 children was asymptomatic and 1 patient presented with psychiatric features. WD presented as chronic liver disease (CLD) in 42%, CLD with portal hypertension in 34%, acute hepatitis in 20% and fulminant hepatic failure in 4% cases. Stigmata of CLD were found in 18% patients. Keiser-Fleischser ring was found in 76% total patients. Elevated serum transaminase was found in 85% cases, prolonged prothrombin time in 59% cases and hypoalbuminaemia in 53% cases. A total of 73% patients had low serum ceruloplasmin, basal urinary copper of >$100{\mu}g/day$ was found in 81% cases and urinary copper following penicillamine challenge of >$1,200{\mu}g/day$ was found in 92% cases. Conclusion: Majority of studied WD children presented with hepatic manifestation of which 76% presented with CLD. Any child presented with jaundice after the age of 3 years should be investigated for WD.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1969

Liver functions in diffuse parenchymal liver disease such as cirrhosis of the liver depend largely on the effective hepatic blood flow rather than on the individual cell functions. Clinical methods of measuring the hepatic blood flow were developed recently by the application of colloidal disappearance rate. In order to correlate the radiogold disappearance rate to conventional biochemical liver function tests, 21 normal subjects and 80 cases of cirrhosis of the liver were studied with both methods. The results are summarized as following: 1. The validity of external counting method to measure the blood disappearance rate of colloidal radiogold was confirmed by in vitro counting of the serial blood samples. 2. The blood disappearance rate of collidal radiogold was essentially the same. as the liver uptake rate of colloidal radiogold in normal and cirrhotic subjects with various degrees of functional disturbance. And it seemed there was no serious extrahepatic removal of the colloidal radiogold. 3. The disappearance rate of colloidal radiogold was not significantly changed by the posture change, but was enhanced by ingestion of 500 ml of water. 4. The disappearance rate of colloidal radiogold was not influenced by single dose of Telepaque, while BSP retention was increased after Telepaque. 5. The mean disappearance half time of colloidal radiogold in normal subjects was $2.49{\pm}0.391$(S.D.) minutes. The mean normal disappearance rate constant (K value) was $0.285{\pm}0.0428$(S.D.)/minute. 6. The colloidal radiogold disappearance half time was abnormally prolonged (over 3.2 min.) in $87.7{\pm}3.68$(S.D.) % of cirrhotic subjects. 7. In patients of liver cirrhosis the blood disappearance rate of colloidal radiogold correlated well to serum albumin and globulin levels and BSP retention which were considered to reflect functions of hepatic parenchymal cells. There was, however, no correlation between colloidal disappearance rate and thymol turbidity test, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and serm alkaline phosphatase activities. The latters were considered to be associated with the activity of liver disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 1985

In order to evaluate the effect of water soluble extract of lichens (Physcia, Parmelia and Clandonia species) on liver damage, activities transaminase(GPT) and 5'-nucleotidase in serum and liver were measured in rats fed lichens extract. DNA and RNA were measured in liver and spleen, as well as various organ weights and blood components. Control group was fed water to compare with the lichen group. Three sets of experiments were conducted: the first set was done with normal rats, the second one with rats with liver damage induced by $CCl_4$ injection was divided into three subgroups. i.e. no treatment group, pre-treatment group and post-treatment group, and the third one was with rats with acute and chronic liver damage. In normal rats, lichens extract feeding reduced serum GOT and GPT activities. In liver damaged rats, both pre-and post-treatment had suppressing effect against increase of serum enzymes. In rats with acute and chronic liver damage, lichens fed group had lower activities of serum GOT, GPT and 5'-nucleotidase but higher activities of liver enzymes than control group. This effect was more pronounced in rats with acute liver damage. Liver weight increased considerably with lichens intake. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were also higher in lichens fed group. Nucleic acid contents in spleen but not in liver were increased in lichens fed group. The latter increase was more significant with chronic liver damage. It is suggested from the present study that water soluble lichens extract play protective and therapeutic roles in organs against infection and atrophic disease.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to compare the carcass yields and meat characteristics of three types of commercial male chicks White mini broilers, Ross broilers and Hy-Line brown chicks under the identical feeding condition. One-hundred 1-d chicks of each type were randomly placed into four pens per group (25 chicks per pen) and fed corn-soybean meal based commercial diets for 35d, 18d or 49d, respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, the birds were sacrificed and subjected to carcass measurements. The dressing percentages of White mini broilers and Ross broilers were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of Hy-Line brown cockerels. The rate of breast meat of Hy-Line brown cockerels was significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of White mini broilers and Ross broilers. However, Hy-Line brown cockerels showed higher (P<0.05) leg meats than the others. There were no significant differences in serum total cholesterol and the activities of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase among the groups. The breast meats of White mini broilers presented highest lightness value. The yellowness of breast and redness of leg meats of White mini broilers and Ross broilers were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of Hy-Line brown cockerels. There were no significant differences in the SOD-like activity and change of pH in edible meats among the groups. The meat color in White mini broilers was significantly higher than that of Hy-Line brown cockerels. No significant differences were observed in term of flavor, tenderness and overall acceptability. In conclusion, the physico-chemical properties and sensory characteristics of edible meats were not greatly affected by genotype if they were similar body weights and kept under the identical feeding condition. But the Hy-Line brown cockerels were less desirable as a meat-type strain due to lower carcass yields and inferior growth and feed conversion ratio.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.275-285
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• 2009

During an 8 month period from January to August 2007, complete blood count (CBC) samples were taken from various wards and from the outpatient department at Samsung Medical Center. In order to determine whether or not the total white blood cells were over counted, results were obtained from both the 4Diff/channel and the white blood cell channel from the automated blood analysis equipment from S company for comparison. Among patients who were on long term treatments, the number of cases determined to be over counted by comparing the WBC counts during this 8 month period was 25. Clinical chemistry tests were also conducted on the same day on the 25 samples taken. 68% of the patients showed to exceed normal range of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) indicating abnormal liver function, and the total bilirubin range were also in excess in 60% of the total samples taken. Further clinical information which was obtained from the patients showed 98% of the patients were administered with cefepime which is the 4th generation cephalosporin at the time when the WEC were over counted. It is assumed that a multiple of factors investigated caused the over count of the WEC rather than a single factor.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.204-210
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• 2014

The brown alga Saccharina japonica is consumed as a foodstuff in many countries. Carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) is a potent hepatotoxin that is used to assess hepatotoxicity in animal models. This study assessed the protective effect of S. japonica extract (SJE) on $CCl_4$-induced acute liver injury in rats. Experimental rats were divided into the following three groups: control, $CCl_4$, and $CCl_4$+SJE; the latter two groups were given 150 or 300 mg SJE/kg orally for 10 days. Three hours after the final treatment, all rats-except for those in the control group-were administered intraperitoneal injections of $CCl_4$. One day later, blood and liver samples were collected for evaluation biomarker of levels. Aspartate transaminase (APT; GPT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; GOT) levels were markedly lower in the $CCl_4$+SJE group than the $CCl_4$ group. The hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the $CCl_4$+SJE group was significantly lower than that of the $CCl_4$ group. In comparison, glutathione S-transferase (GSH) and catalase (CAT) levels were significantly higher in the $CCl_4$+SJE group. Western blotting revealed that SJE attenuated the $CCl_4$-induced EGFR and MAPK activity in the liver. Thus, we conclude that SJE protects against $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.497-501
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted on crossbred male calves to study the effect of arsenic (As) on immunity status and certain hematological parameters. Ten crossbred male calves of 3-4 months of age were distributed into two equal groups. Group I was kept as control, whereas, group II was supplemented daily with 50 ppm As (as $As_sO_3$) up to 90 days, in the diet. Calves of both groups were fed as per ICAR standards and their requirements were fulfilled by feeding concentrate mixture and green oats. All calves were kept under similar managemental conditions. Blood samples were collected at fortnightly intervals to estimate various haematological parameters and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity. Serum Ig and serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) were also measured. Cell-mediated immune responses of the calves were monitored at 0, 45 and 90 of experimental feeding, through lymphocyte proliferation. No change in blood total leukocyte counts (TLC), differential leukocyte counts (DLC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and SGPT was observed with As supplementation. A decrease in SOD activity was noticed in group II calves. Stimulation index (SI) for lymphocyte proliferation decreased from 1.14 to 0.79 in group II calves during 90 days experimental feeding, whereas, there was no change in SI values in group I indicating significant decrease in immune response of As supplemented calves. Blood As concentration increased in group II calves with the decrease in immune response. Short term supplementation of As to growing calves suggested suppressive effects on cell-mediated immunity. However, long term experiments are required to demonstrate clearly the efects of this toxic metal in calves.