• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.259-267
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• 2020

Snakebite is a severe medical, economic, and social problem across the world, mostly in the tropical and subtropical area. These regions of the globe have typical of the world's venomous snakes present where access to prompt treatment is limited or not available. Snake venom is a complex mixture of toxin proteins like neurotoxin and cardiotoxin, and other enzymes like phospholipase A2 (PLA2), haemorrhaging, transaminase, hyaluronidase, phosphodiesterase, acetylcholinesterase, cytolytic and necrotic toxins. Snake venom shows a wide range of biological effects like anticoagulation or platelet aggregation, hemolysis, hypotension and edema. Phospholipase A2 is the principal constituent of snake venom; it catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of membrane glycerophospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid, which is the precursor of eicosanoids including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The information regarding the structure and function of the phospholipase A2 enzyme may help in treating the snakebite victims. This review article constitutes a brief description of the structure, types, mechanism occurrence, and tests of phospholipase A2 and role of components of medicinal plants used to inhibit phospholipase A2.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.191.1-191.1
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• 2003

The anti-oxidant activities of Acanthopanax senticosus stems were investigated. The n-BuOH fraction of A. senticosus stems exhibited a significant decrease in serum transaminase activities elevated by hepatic damage induced by CCl$_4$-intoxication in rats. The n-BuOH fraction inhibited the sGPT activities by 65.79%. The n-BuOH fraction showed the increase in the anti-oxidant enzymes such as hepatic cytoso1ic superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities by 30.31, 19.82 and 155%, respectively, in CCl$_4$-intoxicated rats. These results suggest that the stems of A. senticosus possess not only the hepatoprotective, but also the anti-oxidant activities in rats.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 1976

In the sequence of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity, increased serum levels of a number of enzymes have been demonstrated in experimental animals. These observations, therefore, have served to help in detecting hepatic injury. The serological influence of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and iproniazid on the acute $CCl_4$ poisoning was executed in this investigation taking use of 6 albino rabbits (around 2 kg b.w.) in each group. By measuring of blood sugar level (Nelson-Somogyi method), S-GOT and S-GPT activities (Reitman-Frankel method), the pharmacological effects of the drugs was evaluated setting pretreated groups against the control. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The intramuscular injection of $CCl_4$ led to increase the blood sugar level in first 3 hours and, after that, to decrease reasonably. But CPZ-pretreated group showed a tendency of increasing in compare with the control, and iproniazid-pretreated group inhibited evidently. 2. In S-GOT activity, the increased level was induced by $CCl_4$ in control. And CPZ-pretreated group showed a increased level until first day and decreased rapidly. But this property inhibited inhibited significantly by pretreating with iproniazid. 3. Although a single dose of $CCl_4$ increased the S-GPT activity, the more increasing trend was observed in CPZ-pretreated group. But these tendencies depressed remarkably in the iproniazid-pretreated group. It seemed to be attributed not to defend the $CCl_4$ toxicity but to be suppressed the enzyme systems in the liver by iproniazid that the blood sugar level and serum transaminase activities was decreased significantly in pretreating with iproniazid.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2015

Purpose: To evaluate clinical and laboratory profile of Wilson's disease (WD) in children. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital. Bangladesh, over a period of 3 years. One hundred consecutive children of WD between 3 to 18 years of age were evaluated. Results: Mean age was $8.5{\pm}1.5years$. Male female ratio was 2:1. Ninety-one percent of patients were Muslim and 9% Hindu. A total of 53% cases of hepatic WD presented between 5 to 10 years of age and most of the neurologic WD manifested in 10-15 years age group. Sixty-nine children presented only with hepatic manifestations, 6 only with neurological manifestations, 14 with both hepatic and neurological manifestation, 10 children was asymptomatic and 1 patient presented with psychiatric features. WD presented as chronic liver disease (CLD) in 42%, CLD with portal hypertension in 34%, acute hepatitis in 20% and fulminant hepatic failure in 4% cases. Stigmata of CLD were found in 18% patients. Keiser-Fleischser ring was found in 76% total patients. Elevated serum transaminase was found in 85% cases, prolonged prothrombin time in 59% cases and hypoalbuminaemia in 53% cases. A total of 73% patients had low serum ceruloplasmin, basal urinary copper of >$100{\mu}g/day$ was found in 81% cases and urinary copper following penicillamine challenge of >$1,200{\mu}g/day$ was found in 92% cases. Conclusion: Majority of studied WD children presented with hepatic manifestation of which 76% presented with CLD. Any child presented with jaundice after the age of 3 years should be investigated for WD.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1969

Liver functions in diffuse parenchymal liver disease such as cirrhosis of the liver depend largely on the effective hepatic blood flow rather than on the individual cell functions. Clinical methods of measuring the hepatic blood flow were developed recently by the application of colloidal disappearance rate. In order to correlate the radiogold disappearance rate to conventional biochemical liver function tests, 21 normal subjects and 80 cases of cirrhosis of the liver were studied with both methods. The results are summarized as following: 1. The validity of external counting method to measure the blood disappearance rate of colloidal radiogold was confirmed by in vitro counting of the serial blood samples. 2. The blood disappearance rate of collidal radiogold was essentially the same. as the liver uptake rate of colloidal radiogold in normal and cirrhotic subjects with various degrees of functional disturbance. And it seemed there was no serious extrahepatic removal of the colloidal radiogold. 3. The disappearance rate of colloidal radiogold was not significantly changed by the posture change, but was enhanced by ingestion of 500 ml of water. 4. The disappearance rate of colloidal radiogold was not influenced by single dose of Telepaque, while BSP retention was increased after Telepaque. 5. The mean disappearance half time of colloidal radiogold in normal subjects was $2.49{\pm}0.391$(S.D.) minutes. The mean normal disappearance rate constant (K value) was $0.285{\pm}0.0428$(S.D.)/minute. 6. The colloidal radiogold disappearance half time was abnormally prolonged (over 3.2 min.) in $87.7{\pm}3.68$(S.D.) % of cirrhotic subjects. 7. In patients of liver cirrhosis the blood disappearance rate of colloidal radiogold correlated well to serum albumin and globulin levels and BSP retention which were considered to reflect functions of hepatic parenchymal cells. There was, however, no correlation between colloidal disappearance rate and thymol turbidity test, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and serm alkaline phosphatase activities. The latters were considered to be associated with the activity of liver disease.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.137-144
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• 1985

지의류(地衣類)의 수용성 추출물이 간손상에 미치는 효과를 조사하고자 지의류 추출물을 투여한 실험군과 물을 준 대조군으로 나누어 사육하면서 흰쥐 체내의 체중 및 각 장기무게, GOT, GPT 및 5'-nucleotidase의 활성을 측정하였다. 실험은 3차에 걸쳐 행하였는데 제1차 실험은 정상 쥐에게 지의류(地衣類)를 투여하였고, 제2차 실험은 지의류(地衣類) 투여에 따라 무처리(無處理), 전처리(前處理), 후처리(後處理)군으로 나눈 후 흰쥐들에게 $CCl_4$를 주사하여 1주일동안 변화를 측정하였으며, 제3차 실험은 $CCl_4$에 의한 급성 및 만성 간손상을 가진 쥐들에게서 지의류(地衣類) 추출물의 효과를 관찰한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 정상 쥐의 혈청내 GOT 및 GPT 활성은 실험군이 대조군보다 비교적 낮았으며 간손상 유도시 지의류(地衣類) 전처리(前處理)군 및 후처리(後處理)군에서 혈청내 효소활성 상승 억제효과를 볼 수 있었다. 급성 간손상시 실험군의 혈청내 효소활성도가 낮았으나 간장조직내의 GOT 활성은 실험군이 대체로 높았으며 GPT 활성은 두군간에 별 차이가 없었다. 5'-nucleotidase는 GOT와 같은 경향이었다. 혈청내 효소량을 낮게 유지하는데 만성장애시 보다 급성장애시 더 효과적이었으며 간장조직내 효소의 상대적 변화는 혈청에 비해 적었다. 각 장기무게는 정상쥐에서는 특이한 점이 없었으나 $CCl_4$ 주사 후 지의류 추출물을 투여했을 때 대조군에 비해 실험군의 간장무게가 증가하였다. 간장 및 비장의 핵산함량과 적혈구, 백혈구 및 hemoglobin 양도 실험군에서 높았다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2009

본 실험은 동일한 실험사료를 급여한 유사한 생체중의 백세미, 실용 육계와 산란종 수평아리의 도체 생산 효율 및 육질 특성을 비교하기 위해 수행하였다. 계종간의 육질 특성을 조사하기 위해 각각 100수의 백세미 수평아리, 실용 육계 수평아리, 산란종 수평아리를 펜당 25수씩 총 12개 펜에 임의 배치 하였다. 옥수수와 대두박 위주로 배합된 동일한 사료를 급여하여 사육한 후 동일한 날짜에 도계하기 위해 백세미는 35일, 실용 육계는 18일, 산란종 수평아리는 49일간 사육하였다. 계종에 따른 도체 성적과 혈액 성상, 가식성 근육의 물리적 특성을 조사하였으며, 또한 근육 내 과산화물 생성, 항산화 활성, pH 변화 및 계육의 관능적 특성에 대해 평가하였다. 도체율은 백세미와 육계가 산란종 수평아리보다 유의하게 높았고(P<0.05), 산란종 수평아리에서 날개와 다리 비율이, 백세미와 육계에서는 가슴육 비율이 유의하게 높은 결과를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 혈액 내 총 콜레스테롤, GOT 및 GPT 활성에는 처리간에 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 육질 분석에서 전단력가, 보수력 및 가열 감량에서 계종간 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 가슴 근육의 명도는 백세미가 가장 높았고, 가슴 근육의 황색도와 다리근육의 적색도에서 백세미와 육계가 산란종 수평아리보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 항산화 활성과 pH 변화에서는 백세미와 육계가 산란종 수평아리보다 다소 높았으나 유의한 차이는 아니었다. 육질의 관능적 특성에 대한 조사에서는 백세미가 산란종 수평아리보다 육색에서 유의적으로 높은 결과를 보였으나(P<0.05), 풍미, 연도 및 전체적인 선호도에서는 계종간에 유의한 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 결과적으로 유사한 체중의 세계종을 비교하였을 때 산란종 수평아리에서 계육의 물리 화학적 특성 및 관능적 특성은 백세미 및 실용 육계와 유의적으로 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 도체 생산 효율, 성장 및 사료 요구율이 낮은 점을 감안한다면 산란종 수평아리의 활용 가능성은 그리 크지 않을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.275-285
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• 2009

2007년 1월부터 8월까지의 8개월 동안 삼성서울병원에서 병동 및 외래에서 의뢰된 전 혈구검사 검체를 대상으로 하여 S사의 자동혈액장비의 4 Diff channel과 WBC channel의 결과 비교를 통해 총 백혈구의 과다측정 여부를 판단하였다. 장기적 임상치료를 밟는 환자 중 8개월간의 백혈구 수 비교를 통해 over count라고 판단된 증례는 총 25건이었다. 해당 검체와 동일한 날짜에 실시한 생화학적 검사 중 간 기능(liver function test)의 지표가 되는 AST와ALT에서 정강범위를 벗어나는 경우가 전체 환자의 68%였으며, 총 별리루빈 범위도 전체 검체 중 60%가 허용범위를 넘는 결과를 보였다. 백혈구가 과다 측정된 시점에 환자의 임상정보 결과 Cephalosporin계 4세대 항생제인 cefepime을 98%의 환자들이 투여 받은 상태에 있었다. 백혈구 과다측정은 하나의 원인보다 다양한 원인들이 복합적으로 작용하여 발생하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.204-210
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• 2014

The brown alga Saccharina japonica is consumed as a foodstuff in many countries. Carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) is a potent hepatotoxin that is used to assess hepatotoxicity in animal models. This study assessed the protective effect of S. japonica extract (SJE) on $CCl_4$-induced acute liver injury in rats. Experimental rats were divided into the following three groups: control, $CCl_4$, and $CCl_4$+SJE; the latter two groups were given 150 or 300 mg SJE/kg orally for 10 days. Three hours after the final treatment, all rats-except for those in the control group-were administered intraperitoneal injections of $CCl_4$. One day later, blood and liver samples were collected for evaluation biomarker of levels. Aspartate transaminase (APT; GPT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; GOT) levels were markedly lower in the $CCl_4$+SJE group than the $CCl_4$ group. The hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the $CCl_4$+SJE group was significantly lower than that of the $CCl_4$ group. In comparison, glutathione S-transferase (GSH) and catalase (CAT) levels were significantly higher in the $CCl_4$+SJE group. Western blotting revealed that SJE attenuated the $CCl_4$-induced EGFR and MAPK activity in the liver. Thus, we conclude that SJE protects against $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.497-501
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted on crossbred male calves to study the effect of arsenic (As) on immunity status and certain hematological parameters. Ten crossbred male calves of 3-4 months of age were distributed into two equal groups. Group I was kept as control, whereas, group II was supplemented daily with 50 ppm As (as $As_sO_3$) up to 90 days, in the diet. Calves of both groups were fed as per ICAR standards and their requirements were fulfilled by feeding concentrate mixture and green oats. All calves were kept under similar managemental conditions. Blood samples were collected at fortnightly intervals to estimate various haematological parameters and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity. Serum Ig and serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) were also measured. Cell-mediated immune responses of the calves were monitored at 0, 45 and 90 of experimental feeding, through lymphocyte proliferation. No change in blood total leukocyte counts (TLC), differential leukocyte counts (DLC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and SGPT was observed with As supplementation. A decrease in SOD activity was noticed in group II calves. Stimulation index (SI) for lymphocyte proliferation decreased from 1.14 to 0.79 in group II calves during 90 days experimental feeding, whereas, there was no change in SI values in group I indicating significant decrease in immune response of As supplemented calves. Blood As concentration increased in group II calves with the decrease in immune response. Short term supplementation of As to growing calves suggested suppressive effects on cell-mediated immunity. However, long term experiments are required to demonstrate clearly the efects of this toxic metal in calves.