• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.298-331
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• 1996

Recent improvements in living standard and development in medical care led to an increased interest in life expectancy and personal health, and also led to a more demand for higher quality of life. Thus, the problem of women's health draw a fresh interest nowadays. Since late-middle aged women experience various physical and socio-psychological changes and tend to have chronic illnesses, these women have to take initiatives for their health control by realizing their own responsibility. The basic elements for a healthy life of these women are understanding of their physical and psychological changes and acceptance of these changes. Health promoting behaviors of an individual or a group are actions toward increasing the level of well-being and self-actualization, and are affected by various variables. In Pender's health promoting model, variables are categorized into cognitive factors(individual perceptions), modifying factors, and variables affecting the likelihood for actions, and the model assumes the health promoting behaviors are affected by cognitive factors which are again affected by demographic factors. Since Pender's model was proposed based on a tool broad conceptual frame, many studies done afterwards have included only a limited number of variables of Pender's model. Furthermore, Pender's model did not precisely explain the possibilities of direct and indirect paths effects. The objectives of this study are to evaluate Pender's model and thus propose a model that explains health promoting behaviors among late-middle aged women in order to facilitate nursing intervention for this group of population. The hypothetical model was developed based on the Pender's health promoting model and the findings from past studies on women's health. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 417 women living in Seoul, between July and November 1994. Questionnaires were developed based on instruments of Walker and others' health promotion lifestyle profile, Wallston and others' multidimensional health locus of control, Maoz's menopausal symptom check list and Speake and others' health self-rating scale. IN addition, items measuring self-efficacy were made by the present author based on past studies. In a pretest, the questionnaire items were reliable with Cronbach's alpha ranging from .786 to .934. The models for health promoting behaviors were tested by using structural equation modelling technique with LISREL 7.20. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was good (chi-square=4.42, df=5, p=.490, GFI=.995, AGFI=.962, RMSR=.024). 2. Paths of the model were modified by considering both its theoretical implication and statistical significance of the parameter estimates. Compared to the hypothetical model, the revised model has become parsimonious and had a better fit to the data (chi-square =4.55, df=6, p=.602, GFI=.995, AGFI=.967, RMSR=.024). 3. The results of statistical testing were as follows : 1) Family function internal health locus of control, self-efficacy, and education level exerted significant effects on health promoting behaviors(${\gamma}_{43}$=.272, T=3.714; ${\beta}_[41}$=.211, T=2.797; ${\beta}_{42}$=.199, T=2.717; ${\gamma}_{41}$=.136, T=1.986). The effect of economic status, physical menopausal symptoms, and perceived health status on health promoting behavior were insignificant(${\gamma}_{42}$=.095, T=1.456; ${\gamma}_{44}$=.101, T=1.143; ${\gamma}_{43}$=.082, T=.967). 2) Family function had a significance direct effect on internal health locus of control (${\gamma}_{13}$=.307, T=3.784). The direct effect of education level on internal health locus of control was insignificant(${\gamma}_{11}$=-.006, T=-.081). 3) The directs effects of family functions & internal health locus of control on self-efficacy were significant(${\gamma}_{23}$=.208, T=2.607; ${\beta}_{21}$=.191, T=2.2693). But education level and economic status did not exert a significant effect on self-efficacy(${\gamma}_{21}$=.137, T=1.814; ${\beta}_{22}$=.137, T=1.814; ${\gamma}_{22}$=.112, T=1.499). 4) Education level had a direct and positive effect on perceived health status, but physical menopausal symptoms had a negative effect on perceived health status and these effects were all significant(${\gamma}_{31}$=.171, T=2.496; ${\gamma}_{34}$=.524, T=-7.120). Internal health locus and self-efficacy had an insignificant direct effect on perceived health status(${\beta}_{31}$=.028, T=.363; ${\beta}_{32}$=.041, T=.557). 5) All predictive variables of health promoting behaviors explained 51.8% of the total variance in the model. The above findings show that health promoting behaviors are explained by personal, environmental and perceptual factors : family function, internal health locus of control, self-efficacy, and education level had stronger effects on health promoting behaviors than predictors in the model. A significant effect of family function on health promoting behaviors reflects an important role of the Korean late-middle aged women in family relationships. Therefore, health professionals first need to have a proper evaluation of family function in order to reflect the family function style into nursing interventions and development of strategies. These interventions and strategies will enhance internal health locus of control and self-efficacy for promoting health behaviors. Possible strategies include management of health promoting programs, use of a health information booklets, and individual health counseling, which will enhance internal health locus of control and self-efficacy of the late-middle aged women by making them aware of health responsibilities and value for oneself. In this study, an insignificant effect of physical menopausal symptoms and perceived health status on health promoting behaviors implies that they are not motive factors for health promoting behaviors. Further analytic researches are required to clarify the influence of physical menopausal symptoms and perceived health status on health promoting behaviors with-middle aged women.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.55-77
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• 1999

Oriental Medical Service established foundation that Oriental medical clinic can take part in industrial health service by being specified industrial calamity medical treatment organ, but research which develope program that Oriental Medical Service approach on the occupational disease and industrial health only dealt in the Western Medical System was insufficient. So we studied on theoretical foundation and basic bearing about .program of oriental medical health examination in the workplace, it is based on explanation and assessment reformed by western medicine. We reached the conclusion as follows, 1. We must reconsider the concept that mind of Oriental medicine is preventive medicine, and assess positively result of social medicine. 2. Importance of industrial health is being enlarged in the category of health care. 3. Western medical health in including industrial health have faced much problems at this time, we can search by alternative proposal grafting on Oriental Medicine. 4. Oriental medical participation in the industrial health have various benefits at side satisfaction of workers, effect of prevention, efficiency of cost, and increasing rate of medical treatment and return to workplace of workers with industrial calamity. 5. We must consider Oriental Medical Health Examination as one way of health management program of workers, not as formality. 6. The advantage of Oriental Medical Health Examination can increase ability of individual health management in preventive medicine and the production in workers' health management.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2017

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to identify the patient's characteristics influencing patient's comprehensibleness of doctor's explanation. Methods: This study was conducted as a secondary data analysis using the raw data of The 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI) conducted in 2015. The survey sampled 22,948 adults, and 4,469 of them were included in this analysis. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the patient's characteristics influencing patient's comprehensibleness of doctor's explanation. Results: The patient's comprehensibleness of doctor's explanation were more higher as age (t=5.65, p<.001), female (t=4.40, p<.001), subjective good health status (t=3.48, p=.001) were higher. On the other hand, the patient's comprehensibleness of doctor's explanation were more higher education level (t=-6.80, p<.001), not-recent outpatient experience (t=-6.04, p<.001), pain/discomfort (t=-2.64, p=.008), anxiety/depression (t=-2.58, p=.010) were lower. Conclusion:It is necessary to be provided the patients who are higher education level, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression with applying the doctor's detailed explanation and intervention programs.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.455-466
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• 1999

Western missionary nurses practiced in Korea from 1891. and the first trial to begin missionary public health nursing service in 1909 could not put into practice for short of nursing staff and budget. The main focus of missionary medical practice was not in public health program but in the management of missionary hospitals. A few of missionary western R.N. tried district nursing in 1910s. but their activities were personal and focused on the rescue of poor and sick patients. In 1917 the North American Methodist Church dispatched R.N. Elizabeth S. Roberts to begin district nursing in Korea. Roberts began maternal and child district nursing service. Her service was focused on teaching the method of bringing up children. bathing service, and home visiting for delivery. She could not but stop district-nursing service in 1918 to serve for a hospital in Siberia. The North American Methodist Church dispatched a few of R.N. to Korea in early 1920s and the missionary public health nursing of Korea could be activated. R.N. E. T. Rosenberger began public health nursing program in Seoul with Korean graduate nurse, Shin-gwang Han, and missionary M.D. Hall. Their public health nursing program was focused on maternal and childcare. They did home visiting in the morning, and served at a well baby clinic in the afternoon. The first baby competition began in 1925. and contributed to the teaching the method of bringing up children. They expanded public health nursing activity to school health nursing and milk station. Their public health nursing program was such a success that In 1929 Severance hospital. Eastgate Hospital. Taehwa Social Evangelistic center organized Seoul Child Health Union. Maren P. Bording, another missionary R.N. and midwife dispatched by the North American Methodist Church began public health nursing program at Kongjoo in 1924. Her program was focused on the maternal and childcare and close to that of Seoul. She started the first milk station in Korea in 1926. As she was a midwife and could get M. D. license in Korea, her program was more focused on maternal care than that of Seoul. The first day nursery school in Korea and the first graduate course for public health nursing in Korea began at Kongjoo in 1930. As the city of Choongcheongnam Province moved from Kongjoo to Daejeon in 1932, missionary public health nursing service in Kongjoo extended to Daejeon. There were lots of public health nursing program in Korea in 1920s and 1930s by missionary western nurses and Korean nurses. There were 13 missionary public health-nursing center in Korea in 1932. But in the late 1930s. Japan extended colonial war and drove out western missionaries. The missionary service in Korea was daunted. and the missionary public health nursing service could not but shrink.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.362-372
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• 1992

Nursing's traditional concern for human well being includes concern for health promotion. Until recently textbooks of preventive medicine, public health and community health nursing have defined health prevention- the prevention of disease and health protection or maintenace, but not health promotion. Lack of clear definitions inhibit effective communication among health related disciplines. Therefore, this studys task was the analysis and definition of the concept of health promotion using Walker & Avant's concept analysis methodology. This characteristics of the concept of health promotion are 1) orientation toward well - being, 2) empowering, 3) subjectivity, 4) change and 5) expanded connecteness. Antecedent of health promotion are 1) attaining of a healthy state, 2) having purpose and will to act, 3) persistent and realistic behaviour. The consequences of health promotion are 1) prolonged life, 2) self-actualizing potential, 3) increased well-being and a high level quality of life. The future direction of health promotion research should include that identification of the differences in the definition of between health professionals and health clients and research related to nursing theory of health promotion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.49-59
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of regular health education by school nurses on middle school student's health related knowledge, attitude and behavior. Methods : A quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest measures was used. Questionnaire survey was conducted to middle school students(1st, 2nd year). The participants of the study were composed two groups : 274 in health education group and 336 in control group. Results : After seventeen-week of receiving regular health education, differences were observed between the experimental group and the control group to health knowledge(F=7.901, p=.005), health attitude(F=4.174, p=.042) and health behavior(F=7.675, p=.006). Conclusion : The regular health education by school nurses on middle school students improve their health related knowledge, attitude and behavior. So it is recommended to develop standardized manual and educational materials for providing systematic and effective health education.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.81-106
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to find out the causal relationship between perceptual level of stress and health state according to Korean constitutions and to analyze that effect on the Korean constitution's health state. Subjects of this study were 87 out patient department of constitution at Kyung-Hee Oriental Medicine Hospital. Data were collected by using interview with Questionaire during 6 months from Feb. 2 to June 31, 1991. The Measurement tools used by this researcher were Go's The Questionaire of Identify about constitution, Lee's stress scale and Go's modified Cornell Medical Index which were approved it's reliability and validity. All of the questionaires of were used after pre- test. For the purposes of the study, the collected data were analyzed by frequency, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation. And then this research's issue was tested by SAS program's ANCOVA. The findings of this study was summarized as follow. 1. There was significantly differences in stress perceptual level in Korean constitution. (F=9.68, P=.000). The So Em In (小陰人) were higher than the other constitution on stress perceptional level. 2. In health state, there was significantly difference among Korean constitution. (F=6.654, P=.002). Also the So Em In (小陰人) was lower than the other constitution at health state. Therefore, it was considerate that So Em In (小陰人) was higher perceptual level of stress than the other constitution and the resulting poor health state. 3. Stressful perception was effected on the health state, as a result inverted correlation was constructed between stress perception and health state. (r=-.6034, P=.0001) 4. After exclusion of stress perceptual level, each of the Korean Constitution's health state was not difference (F=1.01, P=.37). It was mean that differences of the Korean Constitution's perceptual level of stress effected on the health state. Bacause So Em In (小陰人) had higher perceptual level of stress than other constitution (F=9.687, P=.000), in proportion to that one's health state was poor. From the results of this study, it could be concluded that the higher stress perceptual level according to Korean constitution, the poorer health state. Further study in this area needs to be consideration that in order to coping with stress, researcher grope for quality nursing intervention with more accurative assessment about Korean constitution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.117-129
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• 2000

The relationships between children's health behavior and variables that effect children's health behavior has been investigated in a number of previous studies. This study was conducted to examine the effects of a peer's social reinforcement on children's dental health behavior in an elementary school. The research design was a nonequivalent pre and post-test quasi-experimental design and the study subjects with one hundred and thirteen eight to nine years old children, and their mothers (57 experimental group, 56 control group) were selected as a study group. Subjects were selected by the convenience sampling method. The study was carried out in an elementary school in Namwon city, Korea, from the 26th of April to the 12th of June in 1999. Data were collected in both the pre and post-test portions. Using the "Health Belief Model", each item of the questionnaire for measurement of dental health behavior was modified and administered for the children and their mothers. The questionnaire for the measurement of dental health behavior was developed by Oh, Y.B.(1994). The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of the questionnaire for children were .81, and for the mother were .79. In this study, the health belief model consists of "perceived susceptibility", "perceived seriousness", "perceived barrier", "perceived salience", and "perceived benefit". The questionnaire for the children was composed of 37 items, and the questionnaire for the mother was composed of 40 items. Data were analyzed by frequency, ${\chi}^2-test$, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation, and multiple regression analysis by a SAS program. The results of this study were summarized as follows ; 1. The first hypothesis that the experimental group would have more change in the frequency of brushing per week than that of control group was accepted(t=3.817, p=0.000). Mean tooth brushing scores in the experimental group improved significantly from pre-test to post-test, but in the control group there was no significant improvement in tooth brushing scores. 2. The second hypothesis that the experimental group would have more change in score of dental health behavior than that of control group was accepted(benefit : t=2.804, p=0.006, salience: t=2.608, p=0,010). An evaluation between the experimental group and the control group showed significant change from pre-test to post-test in health behavior scores. 3. The third hypothesis that higher scores of social reinforcement would create more change in the scores of tooth brushing frequency in the experimental group was accepted(${\beta}$=0.169, p=0.000. Multiple regression was used to examine the peer's social reinforcement scores and the relative influence of significant variables in previous ANOVA and Pearson's correlation test on children's frequency of brushing during the post-test. The results of the study indicated that the combination of social reinforcement of peers with variables pertaining to mother and householder were significantly related and effectively improved a child's tooth brushing.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.393-402
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to assess the educational needs that should be considered in developing curriculum for staff in charge of public health services in public hospitals. Methods: The participants in this study were staff in charge of public health services in 130 public hospitals. The Borich's Needs Assessment Model which analyzed the relation of 'required competence level' and 'present competence level', was utilized. Data were collected from October to November 2007 using a structure self-report questionnaire. The return rate was 66.9%. The Cronbach's alpha score was 0.959. Results: The mean scores for 'required competence level', 'present competence level' and Borich's need were 4.02, 3.44, and 2.30 respectively. According to public health service items, 'strategies to recognize the present condition and analyze problems' had the highest score for Borich's need, but 'establishment of annual or monthly objectives' had the lowest score for Borich's need. Conclusion: Education was found to be very important for staff carrying out public health services. Ultimately the results of this study may be utilized to develop education program for staff carrying out public health services in public hospitals.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.515-527
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• 2016

This study investigated social determinants and their interaction effects on the health of school-aged children in diverse environmental factors pertaining to the individual, family, and peers from an ecological systematic perspective. Data were drawn from the first wave of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) developed by the National Youth Policy Institute and conducted in 2010. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Cronbach ${\alpha}$, correlation, and hierarchical regression analysis using SPSS ver. 18. The results from this study showed that sex and age were related to the health of school-aged children, as social determinants. Self-rated levels of the health of boys and younger children were more positive than girls and older children; in addition, levels of self-resilience, satisfaction of peer relation, and parenting rearing attitude were found to have a positive impact on self-rated levels of the health of school-aged children as protective factors. Especially, according to the result of interaction analysis between factors, self-resilience, and parenting rearing attitude were moderators of the effects on between sex and household income and self-rated level of the health of school-aged children respectively. The findings from this study suggested the need to expand the social intervention range to improve school-aged children's health.