• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1976

Introduction Recently, changes in the patterns and concepts of maternity care, in both developing and developed countries have been accelerating. An outstanding development in this field is the number of deliveries taking place in hospitals or maternity centers. In Korea, however, more than 90% of deliveries are carried out at home with the help of untrained relatives or even without helpers. It is estimated that less than 10% of deliveries are assisted by professional persons such as a physician or a midwife. Taking into account the shortage of professional person i11 rural Korea, it is difficult to expect widespread prenatal, postnatal, and delivery care by professional persons in the near future, It is unrealistic, therefore, to expect rapid development of MCH care by professional persons in rural Korea due to economic and sociological reasons. Given these conditions. it is reasonable that an educated village women could used as a "maternity aid", serving simple and technically easy roles in the MCH field, if we could give such a women incentive to do so. The midwife and physician are assigned difficult problems in the MCH field which could not be solved by the village worker. However, with the application of the village worker system, we could expect to improve maternal and child hoalth through the replacement of untrained relatives as birth attendants with educated and trained maternity aides. We hope that this system will be a way of improving MCH care, which is only one part of the general health services offered at the local health centre level. Problems of MCH in rural Korea The field of MCH is not only the weakest point in the medical field in our country hut it has also dropped behind other developing countries. Regarding the knowledge about pregnancy and delivery, a large proportion of our respondents reported having only a little knowledge, while 29% reported that they had "sufficient" knowledge. The average number of pregnancies among women residing in rural areas was 4.3 while the rate of women with 5 or more pregnancies among general women and women who terminated childbearing were 43 and 80% respectively. The rate of unwanted pregnancy among general women was 19.7%. The total rate for complications during pregnancy was 15.4%, toxemia being the major complication. The rate of pregnant women with chronic disease was 7%. Regarding the interval of pregnancy, the rates of pregnancy within 12 months and within 36 months after last delivery were 9 and 49% respectively. Induced abortion has been increasing in rural areas, being as high as 30-50% in some locations. The maternal death rate was shown 10 times higher than in developed countries (35/10,000 live births). Prenatal care Most women had no consultation with a physician during the prenatal period. Of those women who did have prenatal care, the majority (63%) received such care only 1 or 2 times throughout the entire period of pregnancy. Also, in 80% of these women the first visit Game after 4 months of gestation. Delivery conditions This field is lagging behind other public health problems in our country. Namely, more than 95% of the women deliveried their baby at home, and delivery attendance by a professional person occurred only 11% of the time. Attendance rate by laymen was 78% while those receiving no care at all was 16%. For instruments used to cut the umbilical corn, sterilized scissors were used by 19%, non-sterilized scissors by 63% and 16% used sickles. Regarding delivery sheets, the rate of use of clean sheets was only 10%, unclean sheets, vinyl and papers 72%, and without sheets, 18%. The main reason for not using a hospital as a place of delivery was that the women felt they did not need it as they had previously experience easy deliveries outside hospitals. Difficult delivery composed about 5% of the total. Child health The main food for infants (95%) was breast milk. Regarding weaning time, the rates within one year, up to one and half, two, three and more than three years were 28,43,60,81 and 91% respectively, and even after the next pregnancy still continued lactation. The vaccination of children is the only service for child health in rural Korea. As shown in the Table, the rates of all kinds of vaccination were very low and insufficient. Infant death rate was 42 per 1,000 live births. Most of the deaths were caused by preventable diseases. Death of infants within the neonatal period was 83% meaning that deaths from communicable diseases decreased remarkably after that time. Infant deaths which occurred without medical care was 52%. Methods of improvement in the MCH field 1. Through the activities of village health workers (VHW) to detect pregnant women by home visiting and. after registration. visiting once a month to observe any abnormalities in pregnant women. If they find warning signs of abnormalities. they refer them to the public health nurse or midwife. Sterilized delivery kits were distributed to the expected mother 2 weeks prior to expected date of delivery by the VHW. If a delivery was expected to be difficult, then the VHW took the mother to a physician or call a physician to help after birth, the VHW visits the mother and baby to confirm health and to recommend the baby be given proper vaccination. 2. Through the midwife or public health nurse (aid nurse) Examination of pregnant women who are referred by the VHW to confirm abnormalities and to treat them. If the midwife or aid nurse could not solve the problems, they refer the pregnant women to the OB-GY specialist. The midwife and PHN will attend in the cases of normal deliveries and they help in the birth. The PHN will conduct vaccination for all infants and children under 5, years old. 3. The Physician will help only in those cases referred to him by the PHN or VHW. However, the physician should examine all pregnant women at least three times during their pregnancy. First, the physician will identify the pregnancy and conduct general physical examination to confirm any chronic disease that might disturb the continuity of the pregnancy. Second, if the pregnant woman shows any abnormalities the physician must examine and treat. Third, at 9 or 10 months of gestation (after sitting of the baby) the physician should examine the position of the fetus and measure the pelvis to recommend institutional delivery of those who are expected to have a difficult delivery. And of course. the medical care of both the mother and the infants are responsible of the physician. Overall, large areas of the field of MCH would be served by the VHW, PHN, or midwife so the physician is needed only as a parttime worker.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.33-42
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• 2016

Over the course of time, changes occur in family composition and members, and such changes impact housing life as well. In contrast to shared housing structures such as apartments, detached houses show a greater variety of changes to interior spaces such as family composition, rural area, natural environment, and modernization. The purpose of this study is to examine the change and factors in interior spaces in detached houses of rural area. Out of 40 houses studied in a 1995 survey, 23 showed changes when studied again in 2015, and 13 were selected for final analysis. This study indicated that at the time of the survey in 1995, two aspects of change occurred which showed in interior space only and internalization through interior-specific additions and improvements. An analysis of interior changes demonstrated there was significant change in kitchens, multipurpose rooms, and other spaces focused on housework and homemaking. Internalization through interior-specific is showed in balcony. As family member is increasing, it is intended to be increasing size of interior space; however, it is showed to increase size of interior space in the step that family member is reducing. It is reason that more spaces are needed when their children whose the old are living in detached houses of rural area are visited.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.36-42
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• 2018

The types of sixth industry to aim of boosting agriculture and rural areas and Korea's sixth industrial cases(Local community, production-centric, distribution-centric, dine out-centric, treatment-centric, export-centric) and competitiveness measures through Japan and China. Specifically, the competitiveness through the sixth industrial case is to maximize added value through cooperation between communities and to coexist among local residents. Efforts are needed not only to create jobs for the elderly but also to gain consumer confidence, and various measures should be sought to establish a cooperative system. In addition, as customers ' needs change rapidly in the smart age, the life cycle of goods and services is getting extremely faster. Therefore, the sixth industry is expected to be able to predict changes in customer and market trends quickly and accurately, thus making efforts to bring new products and services to market more necessary and contributing to achieving rural activation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.138.2-139
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• 2003

Grapevine leafroll-associated 1 virus (GLRaV-1) and Grapevine leafroll-associated 3 virus (GLRaV-3), member of the genus Ampelovirus, are important viral disease of grapevine in the world. these viruses transmitted only dicotyledonous host by vectors such as mealybugs and there is no suitable herbaceous host for virus. The diseased leaves turn yellowish or reddish depending on cultivars and viruses. Viruses are existed at low concentration and ununiformly distribution in grapevine. Using small-scale double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) extraction method, reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) product of 1Kb long which encoded of coat protein (CP) gene for both viruses was successfully amplified with a specific primers. The RT-PCR product was cloned into the plasmid vector and its nucleotide sequences were determined from selected recombinant cDNA clones. Sequence analysis revealed that the CP of GLRaV-1 consisted of 969 nucleotide, which encoded 323 amino acid residues and CP of GLRaV-3 consisted of 942 nucleotide, which encoded 314 amino acid residues. The CP of GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3 has 93.8％ and 98.7％ amino acid sequence identities, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.57-65
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• 2015

In contrast to apartments, detached houses offer the possibility of more than one entrance connecting interior and exterior spaces. This study examines the location, function, and use of second doors in detached houses in rural areas. The study employs survey and interviews conducted in 2015, focusing on 18 detached houses among 40 houses previously surveyed in 1995. In 1995, 21 second doors were found, while in 2015, 19 were found. The study led to the following conclusions. First, most houses did have second doors installed by 1995 or 2015. Second doors tended to be installed in kitchen and utility rooms. The function of second doors was most closely connected to the kitchen because utility rooms were placed adjacent to kitchens. Secondly, changes in the use and number of second doors were changes in family life cycle and composition, the need for new equipment facilities, the use of new architectural materials, and the installation of new second doors for extension of space. Finally, exterior spaces accessed by second doors tend to be a meeting of semi-interior or semi-exterior space and exterior space only. Those spaces tended to be designed for kitchen fixtures or to support kitchen activities.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2015

A PCR method has been developed for the pathovar-specific detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis, which is the causal agent of bacterial leaf spots and apical chlorosis of several species within the Compositae family. One primer set, PSTF and PSTR, was designed using a genomic locus derived from an amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fragment produced a 554-bp amplicon from 4 isolates of P. syringae pv. tagetis. In DNA dot-blot analysis with the PCR product as probe, a positive signal was identified in only 4 isolates of P. syringae pv. tagetis. These results suggest that this PCR-based assay will be a useful method for the detection and identification of P. syringae pv. tagetis.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 1978

There are numerous reports on menarche age in korea and other countries but only few reports are available on menopausal age. This is a result of surveys on 509 women for menarche and 341 women for manopause among the rural areas of Choongnam and Kyungbuk province. For those born between 1894 and 1929. aver age ageof menarche was 16.63 years. The earliest was 13 years and latest was 22 years old. Majority (78.8%) had their menarohe at the age of between 15 and 18. It was noted that there was gradual advancement of menarche age among those born in later years than earlier. More menarche started in the months of October and April and fewest was in the month of June. Spring was the time when the largest number of women had menarche and this was followed by Autumn. Winter, and Summer. The most common menstrual cycle was 39 days type which is followed by 28 days and 26 days. The average monpausal age among rural korean women was 46.97 years. The number of years between menarche and menopause appears to be dependent upon individual physical and mental condition. socioeconomical circumstances. and also hereditary as well as ethnic differences. 87.1 % of rural korean women had menstrual ages of between 20 to 35 years according to this statistics and the average was 29.67 years.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Recently, the number of closed rural schools is increasing due to the decrease in school age population. This study aims to comparative analysis of utilization policies for closed schools in Korea and Japan. The results are as follows. First, Both Korea and Japan was expected to increase the number of closed schools since the standard of abolition of small schools has been strengthened. Second, In Korea, it was possible to know the detailed information of closed schools through 'Eduinfo' website, but it was hard to know the detailed information of utilization cases of closed schools. On the other hand, Japan not only provided information about the unused school facilities but also introduced the utilization cases of closed schools and financial support system for utilization of closed school. It was characterized by linking with the information of unused schools and company, NPO, elderly welfare facility, etc. Third, In korea Superintendent established plans to use closed schools to respond flexibly to local circumstances. Japan simplified the procedures for closed schools to promote the utilization of closed schools. Finally, In Japan, there was various financial support system. But in Korea, it supported the cost of subsidy reduction, free loan, maintenance and management and operation.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.21-36
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to explore theoretically the factors that were associated with role conflict of rural extension educators, to investigate the consequences of this conflict, and to suggest possible solutions to the role conflict. This study was carried out through literature review. The findings from this study were as follows : 1) The causes of role conflict were divided into individual characteristics and social or organizational characteristics. Existing research papers examining the cause of rural extension educators' role conflict had focused mainly on individual characteristics. Therefore, social characteristics of the role conflict should be included in future research activities. 2) The consequences of role conflict were made up of individual dimensions and organizational dimensions. However, pervious researches on rural extension educators' role conflict had dealt with the individual dimensions only. Therefore, the consequences of organizational dimensions should be added to future researches. 3) Revision of roles and job specifications, developing professional competencies, and raising achievement motivation were some of the possible solutions to rural extension educators' role conflict. These solutions, if managed effectively, may improve the performance of extension organizations, as well as that of the individuals by solving the role conflict of rural extension educators.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2020

The prevention of cognitive decline and dementia is an increasingly important global public health priority due to an increase in the percentage of the elderly population. Dementia, a severe cognitive disorder, not only negatively impacts the patients' quality of life but also creates a substantial burden for caregivers. This review introduced recent advances regarding the protective effects of dairy product intake against dementia and cognitive decline. Recent epidemiological studies have suggested that specific components of dairy products including bioactive peptides, colostrinin, proline-rich polypeptides, α-lactalbumin, vitamin B₁₂, calcium, and probiotics might promote healthy brain function during aging. Additionally, oleamide and dehydroergosterol in Camembert cheese have been suggested as agents capable of reducing microglial inflammatory responses and neurotoxicity. The intake of neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory compounds in meals is safe and easy, hence nutritional approaches, including dairy product consumption, serve as a promising intervention for the prevention of neurodegenerative disorders.