• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2010

Anterior knee pain syndrome would best be defined as a painful condition that arises in or around the patellofemoral joint and is insidious in onset and bilateral, with an enigmatic entity with multiple causes. Although its etiology is uncertain, the cause is often considered to be abnormal lower limb biomechanics, pathology of extensor mechanism, disorder of patellofemoral joint, malalignment or lateral tracking of the patella, soft tissue tightness, muscle weakness. The measurement of patellar alignment has come to be accepted as an integral part of the examination of anterior knee pain syndrome. Various measurement techniques exist, both clinical and radiological, and these have been frequently used in the diagnosis and treatment of the condition.?Treatment depends on the underlying cause of anterior knee pain and should be directed to the cause rather than to the results. Most often, this involves non-surgical measures, such as anti-inflammatory medications, quadriceps exercises, and hamstring stretching. Shin splint, or medial tibial stress syndrome refers a syndrome of pain running along the inner distal 2/3 of tibia shaft. Shin splint is a common problem for athletes whose sport involves a repeated, jarring impact to the leg. A major factor determining the efficacy of the treatment is that correct diagnosis be made of the problem. The varied etiology has led to the development of several theories as to the cause, treatment, rehabilitation and prevention of shin splint. The management is rest, ice massages, pain relief by medication, and muscle strengthening exercise. Proper rehabilitation and preventative measures can ensure that there is no further recurrence.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2014

This study investigated the center of mass and lower extremity kinematic patterns between carved and basic paralell turn during alpine skiing. Six experienced skiers (age: $20.67{\pm}4.72yrs$, body mass: $72.67{\pm}7.15kg$, height: $171.00{\pm}5.51cm$) participated in this study. Each skier were asked to perform carved and basic paralell turn on a $22.95^{\circ}$ groomed slope. Each turn was divided into the initiation phase, steering phase 1 and 2. The results of this study show that the carved turn spent significantly less running time than basic paralell turn at all three phases (p<.05). Also vertical displacement of the center of mass was significantly greater in carved turn at all three phases, whereas inward leaning angle of the center of mass was significantly greater in carved turn at the steering phase 1 and 2 (p<.05). Bilateral knee and hip joint angle were significantly greater in basic paralell turn at the initiation phase and the steering phase 2 (p<.05). On the other hand, left knee and hip joint angle were significantly greater in basic paralell turn at the steering phase 1 (p<.05). In order to perform successful carved turn, we suggest that skiers should coordinate bilateral knee and hip joint angles to adjust the center of mass, depending on three ski turn phases.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.573-583
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• 2013

Targeting in-dorm university students, this study is to check body-shape perception, obesity, weight control, and obesity stress, and to figure out the effect level of each variables toward obesity stress. Data were collected by self-evaluation questionnaire from 305 respondents in dorms of a university, and the survey was conducted from May 27 to June 7 of the year 2013. As a result of the survey, both male and female students did not properly perceive their own body-shape. Female students felt that they were fat more than male students did; on the other hand, male students felt that they were skinny even though they were in standard. Females felt more obesity stress than males, and for both male and female students, more obesity resulted in deeper obesity stress. For female students, when the actual body shape is not similar to the body shape that they believe to be, they feel more obesity stress; however for male students, the result was reversed. The group that tried weight control felt more obesity stress than the other group, for both males and females. In addition, for both male and female, the group that has more will toward weight control felt more obesity stress. The effect factors that were checked through multi-variable analysis is like the following: for male students, as they feel fat and as they pay more attention to weight control, the obesity stress increased, and for female students, as they pay more attention to weight control, the obesity stress increased. Focusing on higher obesity stress groups that are distinguished through applying factors to influence on decreasing obesity stress based on the analysis result, and especially for male university students, running exercise programs at the same time for skinny bodies to gain fat would be more effective to decrease obesity stress.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate diagnosis and treatment of acetabular labral tears in sports injuries. Materials and Methods: From March 1995 to January 2000, We treated 15 patients with acetabular labral tear by sports injuries. There were 6 men and 9 women. Mean age was 41 years old. Running injuries are 5 cases, fighting 3, aerobic exercise 3, swimming 2, climbing 1, bicycle 1. For conservative treatment, we performed medication and observation at least for 1 year. For the patients with arthroscopic surgery, we performed Harris Hip Score (pain and function) preoperatively and postoperatively at 6, 12 months, and evaluated patient’s pain by JOA pain scoring system and postoperative subjective satisfaction. Results: The mean score of HHS improved 15 points with conservative treatments and 32 points with hip arthroscopy. In 4 cases of conservative treatment, there was 1 scale improvement of JOA pain scoring system. In arthroscopic partial labrectomy, all cases were improved to more than 2 scale. Conclusion: We considered that acetabular labral tears occurred associated with sports injuries. So it is important to be interested in enthusiastic diagnosis and appropriate treatment for hip pain caused by sports injuries, especially about acetabular labral tears.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.514-525
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• 2023

New types of vinegar drinks are being processed and developed using various raw materials. In this study, a beverage containing a mixture of 0.25% red ginseng extract and 5% Prunus mume fruit vinegar (RPV) was evaluated for its anti-fatigue effect on high-intensity exercised rats. RPV administration markedly enhanced running endurance and significantly decreased fatigue-related serum biomarkers, such as inorganic phosphate, ammonia, and L-lactate, compared to the other groups. In addition, RPV administration increased glycogen contents in the liver and muscles and decreased creatine kinase activity in the serum and muscles. RPV administration also remarkedly increased the activity of lactate in the muscles. Furthermore, HPLC analysis revealed that main organic acids in RPV were acetic acid, malic acid, and citric acids. Overall, the results indicate that RPV improved fatigue recovery in exhausted rats, thus proving a promising material of functional food to attenuate fatigue.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.123-132
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• 2013

As the smartphones are equipped with various sensors such as the accelerometer, GPS, gravity sensor, gyros, ambient light sensor, proximity sensor, and so on, there have been many research works on making use of these sensors to create valuable applications. Human activity recognition is one such application that is motivated by various welfare applications such as the support for the elderly, measurement of calorie consumption, analysis of lifestyles, analysis of exercise patterns, and so on. One of the challenges faced when using the smartphone sensors for activity recognition is that the number of sensors used should be minimized to save the battery power. When the number of sensors used are restricted, it is difficult to realize a highly accurate activity recognizer or a classifier because it is hard to distinguish between subtly different activities relying on only limited information. The difficulty gets especially severe when the number of different activity classes to be distinguished is very large. In this paper, we show that a fairly accurate classifier can be built that can distinguish ten different activities by using only a single sensor data, i.e., the smartphone accelerometer data. The approach that we take to dealing with this ten-class problem is to use the ensemble of nested dichotomy (END) method that transforms a multi-class problem into multiple two-class problems. END builds a committee of binary classifiers in a nested fashion using a binary tree. At the root of the binary tree, the set of all the classes are split into two subsets of classes by using a binary classifier. At a child node of the tree, a subset of classes is again split into two smaller subsets by using another binary classifier. Continuing in this way, we can obtain a binary tree where each leaf node contains a single class. This binary tree can be viewed as a nested dichotomy that can make multi-class predictions. Depending on how a set of classes are split into two subsets at each node, the final tree that we obtain can be different. Since there can be some classes that are correlated, a particular tree may perform better than the others. However, we can hardly identify the best tree without deep domain knowledge. The END method copes with this problem by building multiple dichotomy trees randomly during learning, and then combining the predictions made by each tree during classification. The END method is generally known to perform well even when the base learner is unable to model complex decision boundaries As the base classifier at each node of the dichotomy, we have used another ensemble classifier called the random forest. A random forest is built by repeatedly generating a decision tree each time with a different random subset of features using a bootstrap sample. By combining bagging with random feature subset selection, a random forest enjoys the advantage of having more diverse ensemble members than a simple bagging. As an overall result, our ensemble of nested dichotomy can actually be seen as a committee of committees of decision trees that can deal with a multi-class problem with high accuracy. The ten classes of activities that we distinguish in this paper are 'Sitting', 'Standing', 'Walking', 'Running', 'Walking Uphill', 'Walking Downhill', 'Running Uphill', 'Running Downhill', 'Falling', and 'Hobbling'. The features used for classifying these activities include not only the magnitude of acceleration vector at each time point but also the maximum, the minimum, and the standard deviation of vector magnitude within a time window of the last 2 seconds, etc. For experiments to compare the performance of END with those of other methods, the accelerometer data has been collected at every 0.1 second for 2 minutes for each activity from 5 volunteers. Among these 5,900 ($=5{\times}(60{\times}2-2)/0.1$) data collected for each activity (the data for the first 2 seconds are trashed because they do not have time window data), 4,700 have been used for training and the rest for testing. Although 'Walking Uphill' is often confused with some other similar activities, END has been found to classify all of the ten activities with a fairly high accuracy of 98.4%. On the other hand, the accuracies achieved by a decision tree, a k-nearest neighbor, and a one-versus-rest support vector machine have been observed as 97.6%, 96.5%, and 97.6%, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.728-736
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to improve and strengthen the function of eel extract prepared with 5 brix eel extract (EE), 5 brix eel and plant mix (black garlic, ginseng, black jujube) 0.35 ml extracts prepared and treated with the extract (EIM-1), and 0.7 ml (EIM-2) divided group. The extracts were administered to rats for five weeks during running training, and the lipid profiles and antioxidant enzyme activities were tested. The lipid content in liver and serum were lower than the normal group difference was not significant between groups. Serum total cholesterol was lower in the experimental group than the control group the mixed extract significantly lower level. HDL-cholesterol levels in the eel extract and eel mixed extract significantly increased by feeding the EIM-1 is 2.0 times, EIM-2 is increased by 2.3 times. Liver glycogen content in the experimental group performed the exercise group compared with the normal control group was significantly lower than in EIM is significantly higher than the control group. The TBARS content in the liver and serum was significantly higher than the normal group was lower than the control group. GOT and GPT were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Hepatic catalase activity was significantly increased in the EIM-1 group, and SOD and GSH-px activities were increased in the EIM-1 and EIM-2 groups. Supplementation with the eel and plant mix extract increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Thus, intake of the eel and plant mix extract could improve the antioxidant status and combat different types of oxidative stress.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

At the initial stage of Internet advertising, banner advertising came into fashion. As the Internet developed into a central part of daily lives and the competition in the on-line advertising market was getting fierce, there was not enough space for banner advertising, which rushed to portal sites only. All these factors was responsible for an upsurge in advertising prices. Consequently, the high-cost and low-efficiency problems with banner advertising were raised, which led to an emergence of keyword advertising as a new type of Internet advertising to replace its predecessor. In the beginning of 2000s, when Internet advertising came to be activated, display advertisement including banner advertising dominated the Net. However, display advertising showed signs of gradual decline, and registered minus growth in the year 2009, whereas keyword advertising showed rapid growth and started to outdo display advertising as of the year 2005. Keyword advertising refers to the advertising technique that exposes relevant advertisements on the top of research sites when one searches for a keyword. Instead of exposing advertisements to unspecified individuals like banner advertising, keyword advertising, or targeted advertising technique, shows advertisements only when customers search for a desired keyword so that only highly prospective customers are given a chance to see them. In this context, it is also referred to as search advertising. It is regarded as more aggressive advertising with a high hit rate than previous advertising in that, instead of the seller discovering customers and running an advertisement for them like TV, radios or banner advertising, it exposes advertisements to visiting customers. Keyword advertising makes it possible for a company to seek publicity on line simply by making use of a single word and to achieve a maximum of efficiency at a minimum cost. The strong point of keyword advertising is that customers are allowed to directly contact the products in question through its more efficient advertising when compared to the advertisements of mass media such as TV and radio, etc. The weak point of keyword advertising is that a company should have its advertisement registered on each and every portal site and finds it hard to exercise substantial supervision over its advertisement, there being a possibility of its advertising expenses exceeding its profits. Keyword advertising severs as the most appropriate methods of advertising for the sales and publicity of small and medium enterprises which are in need of a maximum of advertising effect at a low advertising cost. At present, keyword advertising is divided into CPC advertising and CPM advertising. The former is known as the most efficient technique, which is also referred to as advertising based on the meter rate system; A company is supposed to pay for the number of clicks on a searched keyword which users have searched. This is representatively adopted by Overture, Google's Adwords, Naver's Clickchoice, and Daum's Clicks, etc. CPM advertising is dependent upon the flat rate payment system, making a company pay for its advertisement on the basis of the number of exposure, not on the basis of the number of clicks. This method fixes a price for advertisement on the basis of 1,000-time exposure, and is mainly adopted by Naver's Timechoice, Daum's Speciallink, and Nate's Speedup, etc, At present, the CPC method is most frequently adopted. The weak point of the CPC method is that advertising cost can rise through constant clicks from the same IP. If a company makes good use of strategies for maximizing the strong points of keyword advertising and complementing its weak points, it is highly likely to turn its visitors into prospective customers. Accordingly, an advertiser should make an analysis of customers' behavior and approach them in a variety of ways, trying hard to find out what they want. With this in mind, her or she has to put multiple keywords into use when running for ads. When he or she first runs an ad, he or she should first give priority to which keyword to select. The advertiser should consider how many individuals using a search engine will click the keyword in question and how much money he or she has to pay for the advertisement. As the popular keywords that the users of search engines are frequently using are expensive in terms of a unit cost per click, the advertisers without much money for advertising at the initial phrase should pay attention to detailed keywords suitable to their budget. Detailed keywords are also referred to as peripheral keywords or extension keywords, which can be called a combination of major keywords. Most keywords are in the form of texts. The biggest strong point of text-based advertising is that it looks like search results, causing little antipathy to it. But it fails to attract much attention because of the fact that most keyword advertising is in the form of texts. Image-embedded advertising is easy to notice due to images, but it is exposed on the lower part of a web page and regarded as an advertisement, which leads to a low click through rate. However, its strong point is that its prices are lower than those of text-based advertising. If a company owns a logo or a product that is easy enough for people to recognize, the company is well advised to make good use of image-embedded advertising so as to attract Internet users' attention. Advertisers should make an analysis of their logos and examine customers' responses based on the events of sites in question and the composition of products as a vehicle for monitoring their behavior in detail. Besides, keyword advertising allows them to analyze the advertising effects of exposed keywords through the analysis of logos. The logo analysis refers to a close analysis of the current situation of a site by making an analysis of information about visitors on the basis of the analysis of the number of visitors and page view, and that of cookie values. It is in the log files generated through each Web server that a user's IP, used pages, the time when he or she uses it, and cookie values are stored. The log files contain a huge amount of data. As it is almost impossible to make a direct analysis of these log files, one is supposed to make an analysis of them by using solutions for a log analysis. The generic information that can be extracted from tools for each logo analysis includes the number of viewing the total pages, the number of average page view per day, the number of basic page view, the number of page view per visit, the total number of hits, the number of average hits per day, the number of hits per visit, the number of visits, the number of average visits per day, the net number of visitors, average visitors per day, one-time visitors, visitors who have come more than twice, and average using hours, etc. These sites are deemed to be useful for utilizing data for the analysis of the situation and current status of rival companies as well as benchmarking. As keyword advertising exposes advertisements exclusively on search-result pages, competition among advertisers attempting to preoccupy popular keywords is very fierce. Some portal sites keep on giving priority to the existing advertisers, whereas others provide chances to purchase keywords in question to all the advertisers after the advertising contract is over. If an advertiser tries to rely on keywords sensitive to seasons and timeliness in case of sites providing priority to the established advertisers, he or she may as well make a purchase of a vacant place for advertising lest he or she should miss appropriate timing for advertising. However, Naver doesn't provide priority to the existing advertisers as far as all the keyword advertisements are concerned. In this case, one can preoccupy keywords if he or she enters into a contract after confirming the contract period for advertising. This study is designed to take a look at marketing for keyword advertising and to present effective strategies for keyword advertising marketing. At present, the Korean CPC advertising market is virtually monopolized by Overture. Its strong points are that Overture is based on the CPC charging model and that advertisements are registered on the top of the most representative portal sites in Korea. These advantages serve as the most appropriate medium for small and medium enterprises to use. However, the CPC method of Overture has its weak points, too. That is, the CPC method is not the only perfect advertising model among the search advertisements in the on-line market. So it is absolutely necessary that small and medium enterprises including independent shopping malls should complement the weaknesses of the CPC method and make good use of strategies for maximizing its strengths so as to increase their sales and to create a point of contact with customers.