• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.393-398
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• 2007

We studied the mechanism of liquid crystal alignment on polyvinylfluorocinnamate (PVCN-F) films which were irradiated by UV using polarized fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy. UV irradiation of PVCN-F films caused decrease of vinylene -C=C- stretching peak area at $1638cm^{-1}$ and shift of conjugated C:0 stretching vibration at $1712cm^{-1}\;to\;1734cm^{-1}$ which is caused by nonconjugated C=O stretching nitration. To study the orientation direction of 5CB liquid crystal (LC) molecules in the liquid crystal cell with PUV irradiation, rubbing treatment or without any treatment on the PVCN-F alignment layer, we used polarized FT-IR dichroism technique. We successfully measured 5CB LC alignment directions, which are perpendicular to the irradiated PUV polarization direction and parallel to the rubbing direction in the liquid crystal cell without using dichroic dyes.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.318-326
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• 2015

A pre-treatment process is essential for getting high quality of digital textile printing(DTP). In this study, we have studied three kinds of carrageenan polymer(k-, ${\lambda}$-, i-Carrageenan) as a pre-treatment thickening agent for the first time. Alginate polymer was also examined and its results were compared with that of the three kinds of carrageenan polymer. To confirm the performance of each thickening agent, we examined for a sharpness, color strength and fastness(washing, rub, light). The result showed that ${\lambda}$-Carrageenan has superior property in sharpness with low viscosity and i-Carrageenan was excellent in the color strength among the pre-treatment agents. Washing fastness to color change and staining for the all samples were 4 or 4-5 grade. Both dry and wet rubbing fastness of the samples were 4-5 grade. However, ${\lambda}$-Carrageenan coated sample has the lowest grade in light fastness. As a result, we found the possibility of carrageenan polymer as pre-treatment agent.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.139-158
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• 1997

A Literature study on the external treatment of nose diseases, the results are as follows; 1. Nose was called "Cheun-bin(天牝)", was outer orifice of the lung, was the gate of vital energe(氣), The main function of nose is divided three pacts. One is the respiration, another is the sense of smell, the other is the sounding consonance. 2. Nose is concerned with The Lung(肺), The Spleen(脾), The Heart(心), The Stomach(胃), The Large intestine(大腸), The Bladder(膀胱) in the organs, is concerned with Lung Meridean, Large intestine Meridean, Stomach Meridean, Heart Meridean, Spleen Meridean, Governor Vessel Meridean etc. 3. The method on the external treatment of nose diseases is classified with obstructive method, pouring method, blowing method, attaching method, plaster method, rubbing method, cleansing method, poulticing method. In frequency of practical use, Obstructive method is used 276 cases, Blowing method is used 123 cases, Attaching method is used 103 cases, Plaster method is used 76 cases. 4. In frequency of the medicinal works on the external treatment of nose diseases, Herba Asari(細辛) is used 134 cases, Pedicellus Melo(瓜 ) is used 85 cases, Radix Aconiti Praeparata(附子) is used 52 cases, Herba Agastachis(麝香) is used 51 cases, Semen Armeniacae Amarurn(杏仁) is used 44 cases etc. In frequency of a prescription on the external treatment of nose diseases, Tongcho-san(通草散) is used 9 cases, $Sesin-go{\cdot}Sinyi-go{\cdot}Changpo-san$ are used 8 cases, $Kwache-san{\cdot}Wungwhang-san$ are used 7 cases etc.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.406-413
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• 1997

The dyeability and colorfastness of browning extracts from mushroom were investigated. The results of this study are as follows, 1. Browning extracts from mushroom exhibited dyeability to wool, nylon and silk. The wool and silk had the greatest K/S value at pH 4 and nylon at pH 5 2. Furthermore, the increase in K/S value corresponded to temperature, time, and the number of dyeing. 3. In most cases, the value of K/S was increased by mordant treatment. The treatment of pre-mordant caused the increase in K/S value depending on the concentration of mordant, but not in the color. Co.mordant and post-mordant treaments, however, showed various colors of YR, Y, and GY types of Munsell color wheel. 4. In the most cases, color fastness of light, drycleaning, laundry, sweat, rubbing was excellent.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2004

Natural dyeing means coloring with dyes extracted from plants, minerals or animals found in nature. Natural dyeing provides calm and natural colors; it has antibacterial and deodorizing qualities; and the dyeing process is environmentally friendly. This study extracted natural dyes from young fruit by thinning out the superfluous fruits of Naju pear trees, and then examined its dyeing properties, the optimal dyeing conditions, and its color fastness for practical use. The results indicated that dyeing is ideal when it had Cu mordant treatment (5% concentration at 9$0^{\circ}C$, pH 4) for 50 min. The color fastness of natural dyes with Cu mordant treatment was very excellent after rubbing and dry cleaning, and also good after exposure to perspiration, light and washing.

• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2001

Objectives KYUNGKUEN CHUNA is a kind of manipulation therapy which aims at the treatment of the soft tissue Injury. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Oriental Medical literatures on KYUNGKUEN CHUNA. Methods: We surveyed the oriental medical books concerning KYUNGKUEN CHUNA. Result & Conclusion KYUNGKUEN CHUNA is used for the treatment of the soft tissue injury. It can be classified as the wave-motion manipulations. rubbing manipulations and pressure manipulations.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.345-354
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• 2002

A Study of Clinical Application of the Connective Tissue Massage General massage is termed kneading and rubbing. It will bring the effect of blood volume and cardiovascular reaction. Connective tissue massage is a diagnostic and treatment method. But the general massage has not diagnostic aspect. Connective tissue massage techniques are stimulating and stretching the LCT, mast cell, collagenous fiber, fascia, skin, muscle and nerve tissue. Diagnostic aspects of connective tissue massage are visible investigation, manual investigation, and stroking on the reflex zone. CTM do stroking with 3, 4th finger tips on the whole body for the treatment.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.525-538
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• 2018

Myazedi Quadrilingual Stone Inscription of Myanmar, inscribed to the World Heritage List in 2015, is a rare historical artifact which has an exact date of inscription. It is a written record that displays the history, religion, and culture of Myanmar. Since the surface of the Stone Inscription has been rubbed with ink many times during the process of making printed copies for interpretation and academic research, it has developed a serious stain problem. Therefore, scientific analysis of the stain and research on the treatment for its removal have been conducted. In particular, an experiment was conducted on stain removal using laser cleaning and chemical treatment. The stains are mostly ink dirt, which accumulated from previous ink-rubbing processes. In order to conduct the experiment under similar conditions, a sample with similar stain has been reproduced, and a set of different conditions for treatment was applied to the sample to determine an effective solution. Laser cleaning was found to be effective in removing stains from most samples. However, chemical treatment showed different results. The physical friction method using ethanol provided the best result. In conclusion, laser cleaning is an effective universally-applicable technique but chemical treatment with laser cleaning can be considered an alternative method in certain situations.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2003

To develop natural dyeing materials from the unused plant materials, we had several dyeing experiments to investigate the optimum conditions of dyeing fabrics with the dyebath extracted from wisteria. Dyeing experiments were done under different dyeing conditions of dyeing temperature, pH of dyebath, dyeing time, concentration of dyebath and mordant treatment which were treated after dyeing. Experimental fabrics were silk, wool, cotton, ramie and hemp. Color difference(ΔE) and Munsell's HV/C of the dyed fabrics and color fastness of silk and cotton fabrics to dry cleaning, washing, rubbing, perspiration and light were measured. In silk and wool fabrics(non mordant, dyeing time-20min), color differences increased in case of dyeing temperature of $100^{\circ}C$, but in cotton, ramie and hemp fabrics, color differences did not increase. Without mordant treatment, color differences of all experimental fabrics were about 10-20, so in wisteria dyeing mordant treatment was necessary. Color differences were increased by the mordant treatment; the color of dyed fabrics with Al mordant is dull yellow, Cu mordant is gold and Fe mordant is olive tone. Color difference was not affected by pH of dyebath in all experimental fabrics. On the whole, the color fastness of dyed silk and cotton fabrics were good, but color fastness to washing and perspiration in Fe mordant was weak and improved in Cu mordant.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.231-236
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• 2019

This study investigated the proper dyeing conditions, color fastness and functionality of wool fabrics dyed with Zizania latifolia Turcz. We also tried to improve light fastness through treatment with benzophenone ultraviolet absorber. The dyeing of wool fabrics using Zizania latifolia Turcz was good even without pretreatment or mordanting treatment. Optimal wool fabric dyeing conditions were colorant concentration of 200% (o.w.f.), dyeing temperature of $100^{\circ}C$, dyeing time of 80 minutes and a dye bath pH of 3. Color fastness of dyed wool fabrics to washing, rubbing, perspiration and light was 4-5, 5, 4-4-5 (acidic), 4-5 (alkaline) and 2 respectively. The results after treatment with ultraviolet absorber for improving the fastness of daylight were improved to 3-4 grade. The UV protection rate were increased after dyeing and the deodorization of ammonia gas improved to 98%. Bacterial reduction rate (Staphylococcus aureus) of wool fabrics was excellent at 99.9%. All dye fastness (except for light fastness) was excellent; in addition, the functionality of wool fabrics dyed with Zizania latifolia Turcz also improved. The results are expected to be applied to various fields because they indicate excellent results after treatment with ultraviolet absorber for improving the fastness of daylight.