• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.5-11
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was to clarify correlation between en route distance and role time on call received hours. Methods: Data on en route distance(dependent variable), role time(independent variable) from 387 prehospital care reports documented by EMS in Kyonggi Provincial Fire and Disaster Headquarters and Seoul Metropolitan Fire and Disaster Department between 21 and 10 June 2010 were randomly chosen for simple regression analysis using Windows SPSS 12. OK. This analysis was conducted nine times on unit hour divided to eight call received and overall. Results: Statistically significant regression equations( Y=2.414+1.206X for 09:00~11:59, Y=3.753+.662X for 12:00~14:59, Y=2.215+1.458X for 15:00~17:59, Y=2.600+.822X for 21:00~23:59, Y=5. 445+.263X for overall) were derieved from the data. Conclusion: These equations having linear relationship may be utilized as a method for system status management to effectively response to emergency call.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.141-145
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• 1995

Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, was given intravenously (iv), orally (po), intraperitoneally (ip), hepatoportalvenously (pv), and intrarectally (ir) to rats at a dose of 72mg/kg in order to investigate the bioavailability of the drug, The extent of bioavailabilities of omeprazole administered through pv, ip, po, and ir routes were 88.5, 79.4, 40,8, and 38.7%, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis in this study and literatures (Regardh et al., 1985 : Watanabe et al., 1994) implied significant dose-dependency in hepatic first-pass metabolism, clearance and distribution, and acidic degradation in gastric fluid. The high bioavailability from the pv administration (88.5%) means that only 11.5% of dose was extracted by the first-pass metabolism through the liver at this dose (72 mg/kg). The low bioavailability from the oral administration (40.8%) in spite of minor hepatic first-pass extraction indicates low transport of the drug from GI lumen to portal vein. From the literature (Pilbrant and Cederberg, 1985), acidic degradation in gastric fluid was considered to be the major cause of the low transport. Thus, enteric coating of oral preparations would enhance the oral bioavailability substantially. The bioavailability of the drug from the rectal route, in which acidic degradation and hepatic first-pass metabolism may not occur, was low (38.7%) but comparable to that from the oral route (40.8 %) indicating poor transport across the rectal membrane. In this case, addition of an appropriate absorption enhancer would improve the bioavailability. Rectal route seems to be an possible alternative to the conventional oral route for omeprazole administration.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.129-147
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• 2002

본 연구에서 변동등식에 근거한 동적경로선택조건을 도출하여 동적통행배정모형을 제안한다. 동적경로선택조건은 운전자에 의해 이용된 경로, 링크 그리고 출발지의 출발시간을 고려하여 도출되며 이 조건을 동적통행배정모형으로 전환하는 과정에서 모형의 변동등식문제로 압축된다. 등식이론에 근거한 모델의 이론적 배경을 입증하기 위해 제안된 동적통행배정모형이 필요충분조건을 만족함이 증명되었다. 해법으로서 기존의 제안된 네트워크의 시간과 공간확장기법을 채택하지 않고 물리적 네트워크가 직접 알고리즘에 반영되도록 하기 위해 각 링크의 시간대별 통행량과 방출통행량을 링크진입통행으로 표현하여 시간종속 통행시간함수를 단일변수로 처리하여 대각화알고리즘에 반영하였다. 소규모 비대칭 네트워크 적용결과 사용자 동적최적경로선택조건이 만족됨을 입증하였는데 단위시간간격이 적을수록 개선된 효과를 보여준다. I-394네트워크 실험결과로서 기존의 변동부등식에 근거한 알고리즘에 비해 제안된 알고리즘이 최소한 93%이상의 컴퓨터연산 속도의 개선효과를 가져왔다. 등식이론에 근거한 모델개발의 장점으로서는 제안된 모델의 최적해의 계산시간이 전체시간의 증가에 전혀 영향을 받지 않는다는 것으로 이는 동적통행배정모형에 적용될 네트워크의 규모가 커질수록 제안된 알고리즘의 계산 효율성은 더욱 증가하는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 제안된 동적통행배정모형은 대규모 시간종속적 교통망에서 교통상황의 변화에 민감하게 반응할 수 있는 실시간첨단교통제어의 핵심기능으로서 역할수행이 기대된다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.65-79
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• 2006

ITS 의 한 분야인 첨단교통정보체계 (ATIS: Advance Traveler Information System)는 운전자들에게 통행 전 (pre-trip). 통행 중 (en-route) 교통정보를 제공함으로서 운전자의 경로선택과정에 영향을 미쳐 도로망의 교통량 분산효과를 추구하는 시스템이다. 이중 도로상에서 운전자가 진행하는 방향에 대한 직접적인 정보를 제공하는 VMS 는 ATIS의 정보제공방안중 가장 효과적인 수단이 될 수 있다. 이러한 때 VMS의 정보제공목표는 단순현황정보만을 제공하는 운전자 편의측면과 교통수요를 관리하여 시스템의 성능을 증진시키는 시스템 제어측면으로 구분이 가능하다 하지만 보다 효율적인 도로전광표지의 정보제공을 위해서는 시스템제어 측면의 정보제공이 이루어져야 할 것이다 이러한 교통관리시스템(traffic management system)으로서 VMS 핵심적인 관리전략은 혼잡 (traffic congestion) 또는 돌발 상황(incident)발생 시 지체 (delay)를 최소하기 위한 교통우회전략(Traffic Diversion Strategy)이라 할 수 있다 이를 효과적으로 운영하기 위해서는 첫째, 교통상황 (network traffic condition)에 따라 적정한 우회교통량 (diversion traffic volume) 의 산정이 선행되어야 하고 둘째, 이러한 우회교통량을 제어하기 위해서는 VMS 정보내용 (VMS massage contents)에 따른 운전자의 행태(driver response behavior)가 반영된 정보제공전략 (providing information strategy)이 수립되어야 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 돌발 상황 발생에 의해 혼잡이 야기될 때 VMS 실시간 경로안내 정보제공에 대해 초점을 맞추었다 이를 위해 첫째로, CA(Cellular Automata) 기반 교통류 사율레이션을 모형을 이용뼈 통행시간 및 대기행렬의 변화가 반영된 시간대별 시스템 최적경로 전환율을 산정하였다. 둘째로, 이항로짓 모형을 이용하여 운영자가 제어할 수 있는 정보특성에 대한 경로전환행태 모형 (route choice behavior model) 을 만들었다 마지막으로 시스템 최적상태 (system Optimum)의 달성을 위한 VMS의 시간대별 정보내용 및 강도를 결정하였다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.77-88
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• 2003

동적통행배정모형을 이용해서 교통정보를 ㅈ공하기 위해서는 다양한 여행자의 경로선택행태를 고려하는 것이 필요하다. 여행자계층은 일반적으로 3가지 형태로 분류된다: 1) 버스나 지하철과 같은 대중교통의 고정된 경로(fixed route class)를 이용하는 그룹, 2) 자신이 인지하는 경로비용을(perceived route, unguided class) 판단하여 경로를 선택하는 그룹, 3) 정확한 경로선택에 대한 정보를(guided class)기반으로 경로를 선택하는 그룹. 본 연구에서는 이 3그룹의 여행자를 포함하는 동적통행배정모형의 해법을 제안한다. 제안된 해법에서는 링크의 교통량과 유출교통류를 진입교통류 단일변수로 축소하여 시간과 공간을 확장하기 않고 실재의 네트워크에서 최단경로를 도출하는 방법을 적용한다. 따라서 시간종속적인 통행비용함수에 진입교통유율, 교통량, 유출교통유율 3가지 변수를 고려해야 하는 시공간확장방법에 비해 네트워크의 규모와 수행시간에 있어 유리하다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.425-433
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• 2012

다익스트라 알고리즘은 네트워크 상에서 최단경로를 찾는 것으로 널리 알려져 있다. 그러나, 최적 경로 탐색을 위하여 임의점과의 최단거리만 고려해서 선택하는 다익스트라 알고리즘보다 목표점까지 휴리스틱 요소를 고려하여 판단하는 $A^*$ 알고리즘에 대한 연구가 더 필요하다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 자전거 경로 선정을 위한 다익스트라 알고리즘과 $A^*$ 알고리즘의 성능을 비교하였다. 이를 위하여, 자전거 경로 선정 요소를 이용하여 경사에 따른 수평거리와 평균 속도를 계산하였다. 그리고 다익스트라 알고리즘과 $A^*$ 알고리즘을 적용해 최단거리와 최단시간에 따른 자전거 경로 선정을 수행하였다. 실험 결과 대규모 지역에서 $A^*$ 알고리즘이 다익스트라 알고리즘보다 경로 선정 처리 시간이 빠르게 나타났다. 향후 최적 경로선정 알고리즘은 자전거 노선 계획이나 자전거 실시간 모바일 앱에 활용될 수 있다.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 8th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.510-519
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• 2020

Within an intelligent automated cyber-physical system, the realization of the autonomous mechanism for data collection, data integration, and data analysis plays a critical role in the design, development, operation, and maintenance of such a system. This construct is particularly vital for fault-tolerant route-finding systems that rely on the imprecise GPS location of the vehicles to properly operate, timely plan, and continuously produce informative feedback to the user. More essentially, the integration of digital twins with cyber-physical route-finding systems has been overlooked in intelligent transportation services with the capacity to construct the network routes solely from the locations of the operating vehicles. To address this limitation, the present study proposes a conceptual architecture that employs digital twin to autonomously maintain, update, and manage intelligent transportation systems. This virtual management simulation can improve the accuracy of time-of-arrival prediction based on auto-generated routes on which the vehicle's real-time location is mapped. To that end, first, an intelligent transportation system was developed based on two primary mechanisms: 1) an automated route finding process in which predictive data-driven models (i.e., regularized least-squares regression) can elicit the geometry and direction of the routes of the transportation network from the cloud of geotagged data points of the operating vehicles and 2) an intelligent mapping process capable of accurately locating the vehicles on the map whereby their arrival times to any point on the route can be estimated. Afterward, the digital representations of the physical entities (i.e., vehicles and routes) were simulated based on the auto-generated routes and the vehicles' locations in near-real-time. Finally, the feasibility and usability of the presented conceptual framework were evaluated through the comparison between the primary characteristics of the physical entities with their digital representations. The proposed architecture can be used by the vehicle-tracking applications dependent on geotagged data for digital mapping and location tracking of vehicles under a systematic comparison and simulation cyber-physical system.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 1995

Free vascularized composite tissue transfer is more frequently underwent for reconstruction of complicated tissue defects with the recent advance of microsurgery. But postoperative result was not satifactory because of donor site morbidity, flap bulkiness and cosmetic problem. So would no longer be a problem if we can obtain the exact donor tissue required for the recipient site as allotransplantation and designing the flap. Allotransplantation has been resolved with the recent development of immunosuppressive agents, while reconstruction has made great progress with the refinement of microsurgical techniques in the last 20 years. The final sucess or failure of the operative procedure in transplantation is so utterly dependent no the availability of strategies that can control the immune system effectively, selectively, safely to allow allotransplantation of a nonvital body part. 1 used 2 strains of rats, BUF and LEW, for the limb allotransplantation as a composite tissue transfer. The primary goal of this program is to improve results in clinical transplantation by accelerating the transformation of new immunological knowledge into useful medicine. Two of the most promising new immunosuppressive compounds are FK-t06(FK) and rapamycin(RPM). Both drugs are antibiotic macrolide fungal fermentation products that presumably suppress the immune system in ways similar to cyclosporin(CyA). This study shows that two new immunosuppressive drugs compare the immunosuppressive activity and effectiveness of FK-506 and RPM for prevention of the limb allograft rejection in the rat. Additional experiments investigate the dose, route of administration and histologic findings. These data demonstrates that rapamycin is far more potent and effective than FK-506 when both compounds are administered by the intraperitoneal route, as well as prolonged graft survival significantly in a dose-route dependent manner. These results lead to the view that vascularized allograft composite tissue transfer can become a reality with the expectation of possible future application in reconstructive surgery of humans.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.424-429
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• 2014

YAG:$Ce^{3+}$ phosphor powders were synthesized using $Al(OH)_3$ seeds by means of a PVA-polymer-solution route. Various types of PVA with different molecular weights (different polymerization) were used. All dried precursor gels were calcined at $500^{\circ}C$ and then heated at $1500^{\circ}C$ in a mix of nitrogen and hydrogen gases. The final powders were characterized via XRD, SEM, PSA, PL, and PKG analyses. The phosphor properties and morphologies of the synthesized powders were dependent on the PVA type. As the molecular weight of the PVA was increased, the particle size gradually decreased with agglomeration, and the luminous intensity of the phosphor increased. However, the phosphor powder prepared from the PVA exhibiting very high molecular weight, showed a 531 nm (blue) shift from the 541 nm (yellow) wavelength of the YAG:$Ce^{3+}$ phosphor. Finally, the synthesized YAG:$Ce^{3+}$ phosphor powder prepared from the PVA with 89,000 - 98,000 molecular weight showed phosphor properties similar to those of a commercial phosphor powder, but without a post-treatment process.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.281-290
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• 2017

Transportation plays a vital role in sustainable development, and moreover, bulk transportation provides cost effective movement of goods and human beings with less environmental issues. Nepal is a developing country with increasing urbanization and transportation demands. The growing interest of China to connect with Southeast Asia through Nepal has led to ambitious project proposal of Rasuwa Gadhi to Birgunj Railways, which is the shortest route from China to India. Lack of updated geospatial data has lead the concerned authorities in Nepal to be dependent on analysis and proposals from donor nations. Taking such considerations, based on GIS and free data, this study explores optimal routes to connect cites using slope and land cover. Based on reclassified slope, two shortest optimal routes were found. One passing through Baireni in Dhading and another through Kathmandu towards Birgunj with length of around 172 Kilometers. The study shows that available open source data can be used of preliminary feasibility studies and yet shows limitations for detailed economy based planning. Development and use of high resolution updated geospatial data is of high necessity for Nepal to become self-sustained in planning of development works.