• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.193-208
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• 2023

One of the most significant medical advancements in human history is the development of vaccines. Progress in vaccine development has always been greatly influenced by scientific human innovation. The main objective of vaccine development would be to acquire sufficient evidence of vaccine effectiveness, immunogenicity, safety, and/or quality to support requests for marketing approval. Vaccines are biological products that enhance the body's defenses against infectious diseases. From the first smallpox vaccine to the latest notable coronavirus disease 2019 nasal vaccine, India has come a long way. The development of numerous vaccines, driven by scientific innovation and advancement, combined with researcher's knowledge, has helped to reduce the global burden of disease and mortality rates. The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules of 1945 and the New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules of 2019 specify the requirements and guidelines for CMC (chemistry, manufacturing, and controls) for all manufactured and imported vaccines, including those against coronavirus infections. This article provides an overview of the regulation pertaining to the development process, registration, and approval procedures for vaccines, particularly in India, along with their brief history.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.652-652
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• 2013

The conventional thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) setup for the graphene synthesis has mainly used convective heat transfer in order to heat a catalyst (e.g. Cu) up to $1,000^{\circ}C$. Although the conventional CVD has been so far widely accepted as the most appropriate candidate enabling mass-production of high-quality graphene, this method has stillremained under the standard for the commercialization largely due to the poor productivity arisen out of the required long processing time. Here, we introduced a fast and efficient synthetic route toward CVD-graphene. Unlike the conventional CVD using convection heat transfer, we adopted a CVD setup utilizing conduction heat transfer between Cu catalyst and rapid heating source. The high thermal conductive nature of Cu and the employed rapid heating source led to the remarkable reduction in processing timeas compared to the conventional convection based CVD (Fig. 1A), moreover, the synthesized graphene was turned out to have comparable quality to that synthesized by the conventional CVD (Fig. 1B). For the optimization of the conduction based CVD process, the parametric studies were thoroughly performed using through Raman spectroscopy and electrical sheet resistance measurement. Our approach is thought to be worth considerable in order to enhance productivity of the CVD graphene in the industry.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제30권12B
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• pp.805-810
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• 2005

이동 애드혹 네트워크에서 연속적이고 실시간적인 멀터미디어 정보에 대한 사용자의 요구에 따라 서비스 품질(QoS: Quality of Service) 보장이 중요한 이슈로 대두되었다. 본 논문에서는 이동 애드혹 망의 대표적인 라우팅 프로토콜 중 하나인 AODV 프로토콜을 TDMA 기반으로 수정하고, 대역폭 예약을 통해 QoS를 보장하는 라우팅 프로토콜을 제안한다. 후보 경로에 대해 최대 사용가능한 대역폭을 계산하는 기존의 복잡한 방식 대신에 제안하는 방식은 단대단 요구사항을 만족하는지 여부만 확인한다. 이 때, 무선 대역폭의 사용효율을 극대화하기 위하여 무선 환경에서 충돌이 발생하지 않도록 Time slot을 할당하고 대역폭을 예약한다. 성능 평가를 위해 애드혹 환경에서 시뮬레이션을 통해, 제안하는 예약 기반의 QoS 라우팅 프로토콜을 평가한다. 시뮬레이션 결과 제안하는 프로토콜이 Load에 무관하게 충분히 낮고 안정적인 Delay 성능을 제공함을 알 수 있다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2013

Today, the views on Temporality of space have been changed not only to be based on the concept of time, but also to identify the space with a body adapted to the new circumstances. The study suggests that the actions of performers in space have been important by changes of views and are connected to the music phenomenology mixed with music whose tempo is the phenomenology related with of human consciousness itself, and derives the temporal property by putting them into Rem Koolhaas space with the fluid quality. According to Clifton's Phenomenology of Music, an understanding of music is made in both human body and consciousness as two ways to listen to sounds and enjoy music. Though a correlation between the characteristics of Clifton's Phenomenology of Music and one of resulted from uncertainty and immateriality of modern space Temporality, we could work out four kinds of characters which are the continuity of the fluidity from temporal programs, contrasting changes or synchronicity, the multidimensionality from synesthesia of line and face, ventilation by quality of the material and immaterial circumstances of sound effects, the implication in events resulted from cognition for information and unexpected actions, and the autonomy of the route of a variety of experiences including intimate connection of inter-related events and temporary and diverse external conditions. Hereby Temporality of musical phenomenology in Rem Koolhaas's space can be experienced by systems base oh the importance of host's motion, changes of programs according to the motion as well as uncertainty and immaterial changes. Due to the changes user's emotion and motion is undergone as Temporality that changes automatically.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2002

Objective : To study of Literature on the Ying Qi and Wei Qi One of thing that is among basis theory of Oriental medicine is Vital Essence, Vitality, Qi and Blood(精神氣血) justly. Results : Physiological special quality of Ying Qi(營氣) first, flows within Blood Circulation and the temper is mild and second, transform blood and grow up whole body, and follow through Pectoral Qi(宗氣). Wei Qi(衛氣) means running regeneration of material that do guard action of human body as refined nutritious substances transformed in food. Physiological special quality of Wei Qi(衛氣) first, nature is fast, smooth, and sharp. And it flows outside Blood Circulation. Second, go on muscslar gap without following through Pectoral Qi(宗氣). Ying blood(營血) flows within Blood Circulation means living body ingredient which thing reveals by circulation of the blood change phenomenon. Ying Qi(營氣) is Ying(營) in meaning which go on meridians, therefore meridians as wandering living body reaction route mean. This Ying Qi(營氣)'s physiology transform blood and grows up whole body and flows within Blood Circulation. It becomes most important ingredient of composition of blood, Wei Qi(衛氣) transforms and becomes nutrition constantly by running regeneration of material which transform in Jungcho(中焦) and spread by spreading action of upper chest exhaust in lower belly above the blader of apriority, Kidney-yang.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제27권12C호
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• pp.1215-1227
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• 2002

본 논문은 최단 경로 라우팅 문제의 해결을 위한 새로운 방식의 유전자 알고리즘(Genetic Algorithm)을 제안한다. 이를 위해 가변길이(variable-length) 염색체(chromosome) 구조와 그에 따른 유전자 부호화(genes coding) 기법을 설계하고, 부분 염색체(partial-chromosome)를 교환하는데 있어서 교차점(crossing-site)에 의존성이 없는 교배(crossover) 기법과 개체군(population)의 다양성(diversity)을 유지하는 돌연변이(mutation) 기법을 개발한다. 또한, 모든 부적합(infeasible) 염색체를 간단하게 치료할 수 있는 복구 함수(repair function)를 제안한다. 제안 교배 기법과 돌연변이 기법의 상호 동작은 제안 알고리즘이 개체군의 다양성을 유지하면서 해-표면(solution-surface)을 효과적으로 탐색할 수 있도록 하여 해의 최적성(optimality) 및 수렴(convergence) 속도의 향상을 도모한다. 제안 알고리즘에 의해 계산된 경로의 최적성은 유전자 알고리즘을 이용하는 기존의 알고리즘보다 우수하고, 수렴 속도도 빠르다는 것을 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해 확인한다. 이 결과는 대부분의 출발지와 도착지 쌍에 대해 기존의 유전자 알고리즘 기반의 최단 경로 라우팅 알고리즘에 비해 네트워크 토폴로지에 비교적 덜 민감한 것으로 나타난다.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.230-240
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• 2002

Background : The purpose of this study was to develop, implement and evaluate the pharmacist intervention program designed to identify and correctly adjust the dosage of $H_2$-receptor antagonists ($H_2RA$) in renally impaired patients and promote timely conversion of $H_2RA$ from IV to PO therapy. Methods : The study population consisted of renally impaired patients who received $H_2RA$ therapy from April 9 to May 8, 2001 at Hallym Medical Center. Each morning a specifically developed software program identified patients with serum creatinine (Scr) greater than 1.2 mg/dl or age greater than 65 years. The pharmacist, then screened the pharmacy profiles of the identified patients to determine if the patient was on $H_2RA$. For these patients on $H_2RA$ with renal impairement the creatinine clearance (CrCl) was calculated using Cockroft & Gault equation. The pharmacist determined the proper dosage for each identified patients based on the calculated CrCl and the oral dosage that would be appropriate for whom IV therapy was no longer indicated. Result : A total of 149 cases (101 patients) were monitored during the study period. The dosage was inappropriately prescribed for renal function in 61 of 149 cases (41%), and of those, pharmacist made recommendations for 58 cases of which 33 cases (57%) were accepted by the physicians. The administration route of H2RA was inappropriately used as IV in 22 of 53 cases (42%), and pharmacist made recommendations for those 22 cases of which 15 cases (68%) were accepted. Conclusion : Monitoring of patients with renal dysfunction by a pharmacist improved the dosing of $H_2RA$ and a dosing program of patients with renal impairment would be of benefit to other clinicians and institutions seeking to optimize patient care.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2006

서비스의 품질(QoS : quality of service) 보장 지원을 위해 라우터는 망 구성 정보 외에 링크 상태 정보를 기반으로 라우팅 경로를 설정한다. 따라서 라우터가 정확한 링크 상태를 파악하는 것은 최적의 라우팅 경로를 설정하는 데 있어 매우 중요하다. 그러나 라우터가 링크 상태 정보를 다른 라우터에게 알리기 위해 링크 상태 업데이트 메시지를 필요 이상으로 전송 할 경우, 이들 메시지의 생성, 처리, 전달 등에 의한 라우터 시스템 자원의 낭비에 기인한 성능 저하가 야기되며, 이와는 반대로 링크 상태 정보가 적절한 때에 업데이트 되지 않는 경우, 실제 수용 가능한 서비스 요구가 거절될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 업데이트 메시지를 줄이면서 라우팅 성능을 향상 시키는 알고리즘을 제안하고, 시뮬레이션을 통하여 기존의 알고리즘과 비교해 성능 개선의 정도를 평가하였다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.413-418
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• 2020

관광코스 개발을 위한 관광객의 이동패턴을 통신사의 빅데이터를 바탕으로 관광객 정보를 수집 분석하여 관광코스의 질적 향상을 도모하고자 하며, 특히, 분석된 데이터를 통해 관광객의 관광 유입 효과를 추정할 수 있는 실증적인 데이터를 도출하고, 이를 바탕으로 관광코스의 특성과 향후 새로운 관광코스 개발에 필요한 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. 지역 관광 코스 개발을 위한 관광객의 이동패턴을 통신사, 카드사, 기타의 수집 빅데이터를 바탕으로 관광객의 이동경로 및 체류시간 정보를 수집 분석하여 관광코스 개발의 질적 향상을 도모하기 위함이며, 특히 분석된 데이터를 통해 관광객의 관광유입 효과를 추정할 수 있는 실증적인 데이터를 도출하고, 이를 바탕으로 관광코스의 특성과 향후 새로운 관광코스 개발에 필요한 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2020

This study aims to explain the process of providing important medical images for the diagnosis of pneumonia caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) through the only mobile hospital computed tomography (CT) in Korea. Since January 28, 2020, medical imaging examinations have been provided to confirmed and suspected COVID-19 patients, and the quality of images was evaluated based on the objective and subjective indicators. In order to prevent the transmission in the hospital that may occur due to exposure to medical staff and general patients, personal protective equipment was worn and the separate route was used blocking human infection factors. For 11 weeks, a total of 185 tests were performed for 98 confirmed patients and 72 suspected patients. The average time to complete the test was 33 minutes. In the course of the test, no cross-infection cases were examined. During the outbreak of the COVID-19, the only mobile hospital CT room of Korea provided medical imaging examinations without infection among medical staff and patients and also provided adequate medical images without significant difference (p >0.05) in determining the degree of pneumonia progression compared to a stationary in-hospital CT.