• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.51-52
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• 1995

혹한기 시설오이 재배시 저지온으로 인해 모의 활착지연, 양수분흡수 불량에 따른 생육부진으로 출하시기가 늦어질 뿐 아니라, 품질 및 초기 수량이 저하되고 있다. 일부농가에서 양열과 전열선을 이용하여 지온을 상승시키고 있으나, 이들 방법은 적정 지온유지 및 실용성에 있어서 여러가지 문제점이 따른다. 따라서 본시험에서는 온수지중가온방법을 도입하여 지온상승을 도모하였다. (중략)

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2014

Due to limited supplies and expensive importing costs, it is a goal to replace overseas peat with local soil amendments in turf industry of Korea. The study was initiated to compare the performances of five domestic and imported organic soil amendments (OSAs) on establishment characteristics and to provide basic information for root zone composition on sports turf design and construction. The study was conducted in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., KB) under greenhouse conditions from March to June in 2008. A total of 25 treatments of OSA + sand were prepared. These amendments were Berger Peat (OMA), Eco-Peat (OMB), G1-Soil (OMC), Premier Peat (OMD), and Supersoil I (OME). Significant differences were observed in establishment vigor, seedling emergence, and top growth. Results varied depending upon the type of OSAs and their rates in rootzone mixtures. OMA reached over 70% in establishment vigor in 5 WAS (weeks after seeding). OMC produced a maximum vigor of approximately 60% in 6 WAS. The OME amendment, however, showed poor performance lower than 30% in establishing KB turf until 8 WAS. There were considerable variations of top growth, being 3.8 to 14.5 cm. Greater differences in top growth resulted from OME mixtures. Shoot growth orientation in KB is also influenced by OSAs. In general, optimum mixing rate was considered as 10 to 20% for establishment vigor and 20 to 40% for top growth. Considering overall responses to establishment vigor, seedling emergence, and shoot growth, both local OMC and overseas OMD are considered as the useful soil amendments applicable for sports turfs. Domestic OME amendment would be applied for a low maintenance turfs such as rough and utility areas due to greater shoot growth. Information on these amendments would be of practical use for sports turf design and construction. Repeated experiments and field performance test are required to evaluate these OSA effect on other major turfgrass species and also to determine local OSA as imported peat substitute.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.151-160
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• 1997

Azospirillum sp., photosynthetic bacteria(Rhodopseudomonas sp.) and Pseudomonas sp. were separated and screened from soil and soilless culture, and identificated. The antifungal activities against root-infected pathogens and plant growth promoting effects of the cultured solution of the starins(5.0$\times$105 cells/$m\ell$) in the peatmoss compost on the early growth of cucumber and tomato seedling were investigated. Azospirillum sp. and Pseudomonas sp. showed a antifungal activities against Fusarium sp., Pythium sp. and Rhizoctonia sp in thed ranges of 51.0% to 72.0% on potato dextrose agar medium, however photosynthetic bacteria had not antifungal activities. When cultured solution of Azospirillum sp., photosynthetic bacterial and Pseudomonas sp. were bacterialized by mixing with peatmoss compost, early growth of cucumber and tomato in terms of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, root length, fresh anf dry weight of leaf, stem and root were promoted, especially photosynthetic bacteria had a the best plant growth promting activities.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.364-369
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• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of rootzone temperature on uptake and translocation of Ca-45 in melon(Cucumis meol L. var ; Sineunchun and Keumssaragi) treated radioisotope(Ca-45) for 24 hours in hydroponics which controlled the nutrient solution temperature as $15^{\circ}C$, $22^{\circ}C$, and $32^{\circ}C$. In two varieties of melon, content and translocation of Ca-45 were high in the stems as compared with the leaves and the fruits and continued to increase with increase in temperature of the hydroponics. Content and translocation of Ca-45 in the leaves and the fruits of Sineunchun variety continued to increase with increase in the temperature, but there was rather decrease in Keumssaragi variety at $32^{\circ}C$. Most Ca-45 absorbed was translocated to the shout apices, and great amount was determined in the fruits as compared with the leaves.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2006

This research was initiated to enhance the tilth of fine-textured soil for turf growth by incorporation of crumb rubber shredded from used tires. A specific objective was to determine the physical properties of soil mixes amended with different grade and amount of crumb rubber in soils. Two soils and three different grades(3.5, 6.5 and 9.5 mm) of crumb rubber were used. The soils selected were an Arenzville silt loam(coarse-silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic Typic Udifluvents) and a Hosmer silty clay loam(fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiudalfs). The amount of crumb rubber mixed in soil ranged from 0 to 0.4 $g{\cdot}g^{-1}$(using 0.05 $g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) increments and 0 as a control. For each treatment, soil cores were constructed following the recommendation by the United States Golf Association Green Section Record. Results indicated that porosity of the mixes decreased as the amount of crumb rubber increased. Regardless of the grade of crumb rubber, mixes with less than 0.15 $g{\cdot}g^{-1}$ of crumb rubber in fine-textured soil could not enhance their macro-porosity and hydraulic conductivity. However, as the amendment increased over 0.15 $g{\cdot}g^{-1}$, the tilth of the mixes had improved significantly macro-porosity, hydraulic conductivity and air permeability, as compared with a control.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.96-104
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate physical properties of soil and turfgrass wear characteristics within turfgrasses inside or outside the stadium A 1/1000 scale model Inchon world cup soccer d[me was constructed for this test. Turfgrasses planted inside and outside the model dome were; Kentucky bluegrass(KB), Kentucky bluegrass + perennial ryegrass mixture (KB+PR), Kentucky bluegrass + tall fescue + perennial ryegrass mixture (KB+TF+PR), Zoysia japonica 'Anyangjungzii'(ZA) and Zoysia japonica 'Zenith\`(ZZ). The rootzone was constructed by the multi-layer method (United States Golf Association method). Traffic on turfgrasses was treated with a 120kg roller. Surface soil hardness, soil penetration and water infiltration values on cool-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) was found to be better for soccer play compared to zoysiagrasses(ZA, ZZ). No big differences in surface soil hardness, soil penetration and water infiltration values were found between inside and outside of the model dome. Wear damage on cool-season grasses caused by the traffic treatment was low compared to zoysiagrasses. However, there was no difference in wear damage by the traffic treatment within cool-season grasses while wear damage on ZA was higher than on ZZ within zoysiagrasses. It could be concluded that physical properties and wear characteristics on cool-season grasses were much better for soccer play than on zoysiagrasses.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2002

This study was conducted to select suitable turfarasses for use at 2002 world cup soccer fields in Korea. A 1/1000 scale Inchon worldcup soccer dome was constructed for this research. Species and seeding rates of cool-season grasses used inside and outside the dome were Kentuck bleugrass 10g/$m^2$ (KB), Kentucky bleugrass 10g/$m^2$+ perennial ryegrass 10g/$m^2$ mixture (KB+PR) and Kentucky bleugrass 6g/$m^2$+tall fescue 14g/$m^2$+ perennial ryegrass 4g/$m^2$ mixture (KB+TF+PR). Warm-season grasses also used in this study were Zoysia japonica 'Anyangjungzii' (ZA) and Zoysia japonica 'Zenith'(ZZ) which were layed as sod. So, total 5 types of grasses were used inside and outside the dome. The rootzone was constructed by the multi-layer method(United States Golf Association method). The plots were designed by randomized block design. Cool-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) were found to be better performers for visual rating and visual color than the zoysiagrasses(ZA, ZZ). There were no significant differences in turf performance within cool-season grasses, while ZA showed better turf performances than ZZ within zoysiagrasses. The green color was maintained for about 10 months in the col-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) compared to about 5~6 months in the zoysiagrasses. Root length and density data revealed higher values for KB, KB+PR and KB+TF+PR compared to ZA and ZZ. Root performance of 22 was better than ZA within zoysiagrasses which was the opposite result of turf performances. There was also no significant difference between U performance inside and outside the dome. However, the decreasing tendency of turf quality inside the dome at the end of the study showed that more proper maintenance technology was needed inside the d[me. It could be concluded by this study that cool-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) were more suitable turfgrasses than waits-season zoysiagrasses(ZA, ZZ) for use at 2002 world cup soccer fields in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.5 s.112
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• pp.83-93
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• 2005

Research was initiated to investigate turf performance under USGA soil system. USGA system 45 centimeters deep was built with rootzone layer, intermediate layer, and drainage layer. Six turfgrass entries were comprised of 3 blends and 3 mixtures from cool-season grasses (CSG). Turfgrass color and quality ratings were best in spring and fall, especially early May to early July and late August to early November. Kentucky bluegrass (KB) consistently produced the greatest performance, while perennial ryegrass (PR) the poorest. Intermediate turf performance between KB and PR was observed with tall fescue (TF). Among CSG mixtures it increased with KB but decreased with PR. There were considerable variations in summer turf Performance. No summer drought injury was found in KB and TF. However, PR showed poor performance through summer as compared with others. Among mixtures, it decreased with PR. It was suggested that PR mix in less than $20\%$ in the mixtures to have an acceptable quality in summer. Cultural intensity also affected it. With lowering mowing height, KB of rhizomatous-type in growth habit kept good quality, while PR and TF with bunch-type in growth habit poor quality. Mowing quality was greatly different among CSG. KB produced clean-cut surface, but PR unclean one. If had an intermediate mowing quality between KB and PR. A great difference in green color retention was observed among CSG. The longest CSG was PR that kept green for 339 days, while the shortest one TF for 267 days. KB continued to keep green for 290 days. The mixtures kept green in color for 292 to 315 days, depending on turfgrass mixing intensity. The greater the PR in content, the longer the green color duration. These results demonstrate that KB was the best and PR the worst among CSG grown in USGA system under a domestic climate, in regards of turf quality, color, mowing quality, summer turf performance and green color duration. KB and TF are most adequate for high-maintenance and low-maintenance area, respectively. In case of mixtures for high-quality turf, it was desirable to use KB-based mixture with PR of below $20\%$ in seeding rate.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.129-136
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• 2010

This study was initiated to investigate thatch accumulation in several turfgrasses grown under two soil systems. The 45 centimeter deep USGA system was constructed with rootzone, intermediate and drainage layers. The mono-layer system, however, was made with only a 30cm rootzone layer. Turfgrasses used in the study were comprised of 3 varieties from Korean lawngrass of Warm-Season Grass(WSG) and 3 blends and 3 mixtures from Cool-Season Grass(CSG). A total of 9 turfgrass treatments were replicated three times in RCBD in both systems. Cultural practices for the research plot followed a typical maintenance program for highly managed turf. Treatment differences for thatch accumulation were observed among the turfgrasses in both soil systems. Thatch under the USGA system was 9% greater than under the mono-layer system due to its more favorable conditions for turf growth. Higher thatch depth was found with Korean lawngrass, 34~87% in the USGA system and 16~75% in the mono-layer system when compared with CSG. Among WSG, the Joongji variety was the highest in thatch layer under both the USGA and mono-layer systems. Kentucky bluegrass(KB) was the greatest among CSG, since it is a rhizomatous-type in growth habit, resulting in faster production of organic matter over bunch-type of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass. Proper depth in the thatch layer was known to be beneficial by enhancing the resiliency and wear tolerance of the turf in athletic fields. Thus, KB was considered to be a very excellent turfgrass in terms of turf quality, environmental performance, physical properties and soccer player safety. However, disadvantages such as poor water-holding properties, more inclined to injury from environmental stresses and severe diseases and insect injury were also expected where thatch was excessively accumulated. Therefore, these results demonstrate that more frequent measures for controlling thatch such as vertical mowing, topdressing or coring should be employed for soccer fields with Korean lawngrass and KB over other turfgrasses.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2011

Research was initiated to investigate the effect of high water-absorbing polymer on turf grass quality of three major turfgrasses. A total of 12 treatment combinations were used in the study. Treatments were made with different rates of sand, soil organic amendment (SOA), and water-swelling polymer (WSP). Visual turf grass quality was evaluated in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds., CB), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., KB), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud., Zoy) grown under greenhouse conditions. Significant differences were observed among the treatments in CB, KB, and Zoy. Visual quality ratings varied with mixing rates of SOA and WSP, being maximum 5.6 in differences among them. At the end of study it ranged from 0.3 to 9.6 in CB, 0.3 to 4.0 in KB, and 0.9 to 5.8 in Zoy. Turfgrass quality pattern changed with time after seeding among treatments influenced by WSP rates. From this study, a proper rate of WSP is considered to be 5%, 5~10%, and 5% for CB, KB and Zoy, respectively. In general, overall treatment effect of WSP on turfgrass quality was highly associated with SOA 20% in three turtgrass species. When mixing sand with SOA and WSP for rootzone soil, a proper rate of SOA is considered to be 15 to 20% for CB and KB, while 20% for Zoy of warm-season grass. A further study would be required to investigate the effect of varied, gradual mixing rates of WSP on growth characteristics of turfgrasses grown on mixtures of sand, SOA, and WSP before a field application.