• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.809-822
• /
• 1998

Adequate root preparation in the treatment of periodontal disease often involves mechanical instrumentation to remove plaque, calculus perhaps contaminated cementum. Although meticulous scaling and root planing may remove some cementum, the use of aggressive root planing to remove cementum does not appear warranted. So ultrasonic device and rotary instrument appear to be replacing hand instrument. But it is not clear those instruments make smooth root surface as hand instrument. The roghness of the root surface were evaluate with SEM following instrumentation with Gracey curette, Perio Clean and piezo ultrasonic device(Setlec) with various tip. 20 extracted teeth were used in vitro experiment, and 9 teeth of a patient destined for extraction for periodontal reasons were utilized in vivo experiment. It was demonstrated that hand curette created the smoothest surface, while diamond tip tended to roughen the root surface. But the hand curette, Perio Clean, and piezo ultasonic device with scaler tip tend to remove cementum completely. Piezo ultrasonic device with curette-like tip made the desirable smooth surface with partial removal of cementum.

• 대한치과의사협회지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.149-153
• /
• 1972

The apical foramen is not always found on the very tip of the root. The apical foramen may make its exit on the mesial, distal, labial or lingual side of a root slightly short of the root apex rather than at the root apex itself. The author collected 43 upper first molars and 84 lower first molars as a samples. Apical foramens were carefully checked and examined these location on each tip. (table 1) 1. About 33% to 49% of upper cases were found on extreme tip of roots and the remaining cases were on the distal side or mesial side. 2. Except distal simple canal of lower molars, approximately 40% to 50% were located on the very tip of the root. The remaining cases were on distal or mesial surface. 3. On lower distal simple canal, about 51% of cases made its exit on distal side. The remaining cases located on the tip end or mesial side.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.39-44
• /
• 2010

Purpose : We want to identify the appearance of the buccolingual root dilaceration teeth in the panoramic views and specify the characteristics of these teeth. Materials and Methods : One thousand-six patients were examined on the basis of both panoramic and CT image criteria. We diagnosed and excluded certain teeth from the samples; both prosthodontic or pathologic lesion appearing teeth and mesiodistally dilacerated ones. We meticulously discerned buccolingually dilacerated teeth in the CT images and total 48 samples were selected. The degree of severity in dilaceration was standardized by 2 types of criteria. The samples were differentiated into 3 groups and again categorized into six types showing from the panoramic views: irregular view on the root apex area, clear blunt on the root tip, stepping on root tip, double lamina dura or double tip, arrow-target shaped root, bull's eye, normal view. Results : The types of teeth selected from total 48 buccolingual root dilaceration samples were mandibular first and second molar, premolars, canines, and lateral incisors. The direction of dilaceration was an even percentage to each buccal and lingual side for most selected teeth, however, that of both canines and lateral incisors were directed in almost a buccal side. In the panoramic views, the root types of the buccolingually dilacerated teeth were irregular view on the root apex area, clear blunt on the root tip, stepping on root tip and normal types were almost always normal view. The more severity in dilareated degree, the more chances of observation in the panoramic views were clear blunt on the root tip and stepping on root tip. Conclusion : As observed in the shape of stepping on root tip or double lamina dura in the panoramic views, there can be much more probability to diagnose as a buccolingually dilacerated root.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.823-828
• /
• 1998

A primary goal of periodontal therapy is the creation of root surfaces that are free of plaque and calculus. It is not yet to be determined whether it is desirable to have a smooth root surface after treatment. It is also not clear what degree of roughness result from different instruments. In the present study various instruments for root surface debridement were evaluated. 20 extracted teeth were utilized, and the teeth were treated with one of the following instrument: Gracey curette, Perio Clean, and piezo ultrasonic device(Setlec, P Max) with general scaler tip, curette-like tip, and diamond tip. 3 dimensional planimetric device(Accura) was used to evaluate the average surface roughness. It was demonstrated hand and power-driven instruments did not have a significant difference in roughness of the root surface following instrumentation. And ultrasonic scaler tip tended to make a most smooth surface than other instruments. The possible reasons of the result were discussed.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.385-396
• /
• 2013

Zhang Yuan-Su(張元素) was a doctor of the Jin(金) period, who was followed by Li Dong-Yuan(李東垣) and Wang Hao-Gu(王好古), creating the Yishui School(易水學派). The most notable aspect of his theory is the internal organs(臟腑)-based diagnostic system. He organized previous methods based on the internal organs and applied the same methodology in treatment as well. The Zangfu-biaoben-xushi-hanre-yongyaoshi(臟腑標本虛實寒熱用藥式) is one of his major publications in which diagnostic and treatment methods are organized in a simple manner. In this book, the diseases of the organs are divided into the tip and root(標本). This paper investigates the standards of categorizing tip and root diseases through analysis of all symptoms of both tip and root diseases of the five internal organs. Then the results of the analysis were used in grasping the similarities and tendencies of the root disease and tip disease. Conclusively, root diseases indicate disorder in the internal organs themselves. Tip diseases indicate disorder in the channels and collaterals, diseases caused by exterior pathogens or symptoms that manifest in the exteriors of the body. Such categorization is thought to have been established to eliminate diagnostic error that could occur from using the same expressive means in describing symptoms with different causes, in the process of forming an uncomplicated diagnostic system.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제43권2호
• /
• pp.77-82
• /
• 1998

Aerenchyma development in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots is quite important for adaptation to waterlogged or reduced soil conditions. Anatomical observations were carried out to clarify the development of schizogenous and lysigenous aerenchyma in elongating crown roots of rice. The crown roots of 3rd and 4th phytomer were taken from rice plants of the 8th leaf stage grown by hydroponic culture. The schizogenous intercellular spaces in the cortex of crown root tip were observed using a light microscope with semi ultra-thin sections and the lysigenous aerenchyma in mature tissue of crown root were observed using a cryo scanning electron microscope (cryo-SEM) with freezing fracture method. The schizogenous intercellular spaces in the root tip exist obviously in the middle portion of cortical cell layers close to the root-root cap junction, but not in root cap, stele and outer cell layers of cortex. The air spaces were formed at the junction of four neighbouring cells of inner cortex in the transverse sections, and between longitudinal cell layer connected along the root axis. Although many of those spaces were filled with liquid, some spaces seem to exist as air spaces. The lysigenous aerenchyma in the cortex, which hardly filled with liquid, emerged at 3-4 cm segment from the root tip and increased toward the basal region of root axis. The developing process of lysigenous aerenchyma was primarily separation of a radial row of cells caused by the shrinking and collapsing of cortical cells and then formation of septa along the radial cell rows by the fusion of cell wall with each other. These results suggest that the schizogenous and lysigenous aerenchyma playa role as a passage for the movement of oxygen into the root tip region where oxygen is required for respiration.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.437-447
• /
• 2017

Objective : Zhang zhi-cong insisted the theory related to the 'Six-meridian qi transformation', and Zhen xiu-yuan inherited that theory understanding six-meridian disease of "Shang-Han-Lun". This emphasizes that the disease of 'three yin and three yang' in "Shang-Han-Lun" is a disease caused by Six-meridian qi transformation, not a lesion of meridian itself. He said, "If you do not know brightly in the 'Tip, Root and Middle qi', you can not read the "Shang-Han-Lun"." Therefore, in this paper, we examine the interpretation of the "Shang-Han-Lun"by using the theory of 'five circuits and six qi'. Method : First, extract sentences related to 'Tip, Root and Middle qi' from the sentences of "Shang-Han-Lun" Second, the sentence is interpreted through the Zhen xiu-yuan's "Sang han lun qian zhu". Third, the meaning of the sentence is examined and summarized. Result : Zhen xiu-yuan proposed a clear and systematic theory that can understand the meaning of Six-meridian in "Shang-Han-Lun", by utilizing the discipline that 'Tip, Root and Middle qi' Conclusion : The change of 'Tip, Root and Middle qi' is a very central theory that explains the properties of 'Yin and Yang' and mutual correspondence among Korean medicine theories. It also provides basic directions for understanding the changing patterns of disease.

• 대한치과의사협회지
• /
• 제49권11호
• /
• pp.660-669
• /
• 2011

Er: YAG laser irradiation utilizing the newly developed RCLase side-firing spiral tip was used for the cleansing of root canals following their bio-mechanical preparation with ProTaper Ni-Ti files. The distal and palatal roots of 20 freshly extracted molar teeth were instrumented to size F3 with ProTaper files. In the experimental group (10 teeth) the pulp chamber and the root canals were filled with EDTA 17% and the root canals were lased for 30 s using the Er: YAG laser irradiation at 600 mJ per pulse and a frequency of 12 Hz. In the control group (10 teeth) the root canals were not lased. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed clean wall surfaces of the lased root canals with open dentinal tubules, free of smear layer and debris. In the scanning electron microscope photographs of the walls of the non-lased root canals a considerable amount of debris could be detected. It appears that an efficient cleansing of the root canal system can be achieved by using the Er: YAG laser irradiation with the RCLase Side-firing Spiral Tip following bio-mechanical preparation of the root canal with Ni-Ti Taper files.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.31-36
• /
• 1992

The ultrastructural changes and differentiation mechanism of chromoplasts and leucoplasts from Proplastids in root tip cells of Panax ginseng seedlings were studied with transmission electron microscope. Initial cells have so many proplastids with a few osmiophilic droplets and a lot of mitochon dria at early stage of germination, therefore electron density of cytoplasm is generally higher than that of the other cells just like periblem, plerome and root cap. Proplastids are observed in the initial cells, but only leucoplasts appeared in the central root cap cells. Because root cap cells are derived ultimately from initial cells, the cell organelles in the root cap cells are directly related by those of initial cells. This result postulates that leucoplast is diferentiated from proplastid, and this is the same with other's concepts. On the contrary, the precise observations of chromoplast with crystalline inclusions in the peripheral root cap cells can conclude the direct pathway of chromoplast development from proplastid. Because of the differences of these result from those of other experiments, new scheme of plastid development, direct differentiation of chromoplast from proplastid, can be postulated. And this is the originality of this research on the differentiation of plastids.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.241-244
• /
• 2003

Root cluster section culture, showing high efficient Protocorm-like body (PLB) formation capacity, were established in Doritaenopsis hybrids. Three types of root were obtained from excised shoots in 1/2MS medium containing different concentrations of NAA; \circled1normal roots, \circled2multiple roots and \circled3abnormal root clusters. Those were placed on 1/2MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L thidiazuron for PLB regeneration. PLB regeneration rate was greater in root cluster section cultures (77.8%) compare to normal root tip cultures(30%). Number of PLBs regenerated from root cluster sections were counted over 11 per explant (5.3 per normal root tip).High frequency of PLB regeneration was achieved in root cluster section culture. This result can be used as an efficient method for clonal proliferation of Doritaenopsis hybrids.