• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.109-112
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• 2007

This study was to examine the efficacy of a root-dipping application of antagonistic bacterial strains for the control of Phytophthora blight of pepper caused by P. capcisi, and to evaluate their plant growth-promoting effects in the field in 2005 and 2006. The candidate antagonistic rhizobacterial strains CCR04, CCR80, GSE09, ISE13, and ISE14 were treated by dipping plant roots with bacterial suspensions prior to transplanting. The candidate rhizobacterial strains CCR04, CCR80, GSE09, and ISE14 significantly (P=0.05) reduced the disease incidence and the area under the disease progress curves when compared to buffer-treated controls in at least a year test. The metalaxy l(fungicide-treated control) resulted in one of the lowest disease incidences among the treatments in both years. Moreover, the strains CCR04, CCR80, GSE09, and ISE13 significantly (P=0.05) increased the fruit weights and/or numbers of peppers in at least a year test compared to the buffer-treated controls. These results suggest that the antagonistic rhizobacterial strains CCR04, CCR80, and GSE09 could be efficient biocontrol agents by controlling Phytophthora blight of pepper and promoting the plant growth when treated with root-dipping at transplanting.

• Mycobiology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.233-239
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• 2002

The main aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of two biologically active compounds(Strom and F-760) in control of wheat root rot disease and its causal organisms. Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. solani and Bipolaris sorokiniana were used as target organisms. In vitro, the two compounds showed fungicidal effect on all investigated pathogens resulted in suppression of radial growth and mycelial dry weight of them. Under greenhouse conditions, treatment of wheat grains with either Strom or F-760 before cultivation significantly reduced the percent of disease distribution as well as the mean disease rating of plants in both seedling and flowering stages. Fresh and dry weights of plants as well as water maintenance capacity were increased as the result of applying these compounds as seed dressing. Also data showed that the membrane stability of plants was injured as a result of infection with all investigated organisms, while this injury was alleviated when F-760 and Strom were applied. The $K^+$ efflux and the leakage of UV absorbing metabolites was stimulated with fungal infection. However, F-760 and Storm treatment partially retarded the stimulatory effect on leakage of $K^+$ and UV-absorbing metabolites of fungal infected plants. On the other side, the fungal infection had inhibitory effects on pigment fractions(chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) biosynthesis in wheat leaves. This retarding effect was partially or completely alleviated as the grains were treated with the applied compounds.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.573-579
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristiss of korean multi-rooted teeth extracted by periodontal disease. A total of 182 extracted multi-rooted teeth were examined. The distance from the cementoenamel junction(CEJ) to the root groove and from the CEJ to the root division was measured. The frequency of the root grooves were calculated. The results are as follows : 1. Distances from CEJ to the root groove were $1.53{\cdot}1.60mm$ for maxillary first premolars mesial${\cdot}$distal sides, $1.26{\cdot}1.38{\cdot}1.75mm$ for maxillary first molars buccal${\cdot}$mesial${\cdot}$distal sides, $1.38{\cdot}1.71{\cdot}1.41mm$ for maxillary second molars buccal${\cdot}$mesial${\cdot}$distal sides, $0.98{\cdot}0.99mm$ for mandibular first molars buccal${\cdot}$lingual sides and $1.28{\cdot}1.35mm$ for mandibular second molars buccal${\cdot}$lingual sides. 2. The frequency of the root grooves were $17.4{\cdot}30.4%$ for maxillary first premolars mesial${\cdot}$distal sides, $44.4{\cdot}84.1{\cdot}67.5%$ for maxillary first molars buccal${\cdot}$mesial${\cdot}$distal sides, $100{\cdot}90.3{\cdot}90.3%$ for maxillary second molars buccal${\cdot}$mesial${\cdot}$distal sides, $42.9{\cdot}77.8%$ for mandibular first molars buccal${\cdot}$lingual sides and 90.6% for mandibular second molars buccal${\cdot}$lingual sides. 3. Distances from CEJ to the root division were $6.8{\cdot}7.2mm$ for maxillary first premolars mesial${\cdot}$distal sides, $3.3{\cdot}4.38{\cdot}4.34mm$ for maxillary first molars buccal${\cdot}$mesial${\cdot}$distal sides, $3.67{\cdot}4.8{\cdot}4.07mm$ for maxillary second molars buccal${\cdot}$mesial${\cdot}$distal sides, $3.1{\cdot}3.89mm$ for mandibular first molars buccal${\cdot}$lingual sides and $3.2{\cdot}4.06mm$ for mandibular second molars buccal${\cdot}$lingual sides.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.110-116
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• 2013

본 연구는 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici(FOL)에 의해 발생하는 토마토 시들음병의 간편 대량 유묘 검정 방법을 확립하고자 수행하였다. 토마토 시들음병 연구에는 root dip 접종 방법을 많이 사용하고 있으나, 대량의 시료에 대한 병 저항성 검정에서 이 방법은 시간이 많이 소요되고 힘이 많이 드는 어려움이 있다. 대량 검정을 위한 간편한 접종 방법을 선발하고자 FOL race 2와 3 균주를 root dip, tip 및 scalpel 등의 방법으로 접종하고 두 토마토 품종에서 시들음병 발생을 조사하였다. Tip 방법에 의해 접종한 토마토는 root dip 방법으로 접종한 토마토보다 더 낮은 발병도를 보였으며 개체 간 발병도 차이가 더 컸다. 반면에 scalpel방법은 root dip 방법에서처럼 토마토 시들음병에 대하여 분명한 감수성과 저항성 반응을 나타내었다. 이들 결과로부터 대량 시료를 위한 토마토 시들음병 저항성 검정에서 root dip 접종 방법보다 더 간단하고 효율적인 scalpel 이용 접종 방법을 선발하였다. Scalpel 접종 방법은 실험한 접종원 농도 및 재배 온도 등의 발병 조건에 의해 토마토 품종들의 저항성 및 감수성 반응은 영향을 받지 않았다. 따라서 토마토 시들음병에 대한 대량 유묘 검정 방법으로 연결 포트에서 재배한 2엽기 토마토 유묘의 뿌리를 scalpel을 이용하여 상처를 준 후에 FOL 포자 현탁액을 관주하여 $25-30^{\circ}C$ 생육상에서 하루에 12시간씩 광을 조사하면서 4주 동안 재배하는 것을 제안한다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제19권7호통권146호
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• pp.625-634
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• 1981

A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the root surface changes was carried out in advanced periodontal disease. The results obtained were summerized as follow; 1. The root surface of cementoenamel junction of healthy root showed smooth surface, while the root surface of diseased state showed covering of deposits which regareded as a course of calcification. 2. At the mid-portion of the root, the regular cemental projection were observed on the healthy root surface and on the root surface of diseased state, cemental projection showed relatively irregular pattern. 3. On the root surface which consist of wall of periodontal pocket, there were various deposits which could be considered as subgingival calculus, bacterial plaque and epithelial attachment remnant. 4. The bottom area of the pathologic pocket, tearing altered collagen fibers were seen on the root surface. 5. At the apical portion of root surface, calcified fibers ran parallel to the root surface in healthy tooth and the fiber bundles of periodontal ligament were seen in the diseased state.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2000

배추 무사마귀병 뿌리혹의 부패에 미치는 온도 토양수분 담수, 토양미생물의 영향을 실내에서 조사하였다. 뿌리혹의 완전부패까지 소요일수는 온도가 높을수록 빨라서 $32^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 3일, $16{\sim}20^{\circ}C$에서는 12일, $8^{\circ}C$에서는 28일이 소요되었다. 토양수분이 높을수록 뿌리혹의 부패도 빨라서 포화수분의 경우 $32^{\circ}C$에서는 3일, $24^{\circ}C$에서는 8일이 소요되었고, $32^{\circ}C$에서는 토양수분의 영향이 $24^{\circ}C$에서 보다 낮았다. 담수에 의한 뿌리혹의 부패촉진효과는 $32^{\circ}C$에서는 나타나지 않았으나, $24^{\circ}C$와 $12^{\circ}C$에서는 높았다. 뿌리혹의 부패에 대한 외부 토앙미생물의 영향은 나타나지 않았다. 뿌리혹의 부패에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 요인은 온도였으며 온도가 비교적 낮을수록 다른 환경요인에 의해 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 뿌리혹내 휴면포자는 뿌리혹의 부패 후 시간이 경과할수록 그 성숙도가 증가하였으며, 신선한 뿌리혹은 부패한 혹에 비하여 휴면포자의 밀도도 낮았고 그 성숙도도 저조하였다. 완전히 부패한 뿌리혹내 휴면포자의 밀도는 1 g 조직당 $6.5{\times}10^{6}$개였으며 성숙 휴면포자율도 95% 이상에 달하였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.65-80
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of periodontal curet and various rotating instruments on the root surfaces. Thirty-five extracted teeth with advanced periodontal disease were used. They was root planed with periodontal curet, periodontal Perio-Clean bur, periodontal Roto-Perio bur, resin polishing ET bur, and resin polishing diamond fissure bur. To find dentinal tubule orifices on the root surface, tetracycline HCI solution was applied to the one tooth of treated each group. Then, root surfaces were investigated using scanning electron microscope. Amount of loss of cementum was evaluated by loss of tooth substance index. The results were as follows. 1. Groups treated with periodontal curet and Perio-Clean bur showed irregular surface and concavities. Concavities seemed to be lacunae of cementocyte. Other groups treated with Roto-Perio bur, resin polishing ET bur, and resin polishing diamond fissure bur showed partially opened dentinal tubule orifice. 2. Groups treated with periodontal curet and Perio-Clean bur and tetracycline HCl showed irregular surface. No dentinal tubule orifice was seen. Other groups treated with Roto-Perio bur, resin polishing ET bur, and resin polishing diamond fissure bur and tetracycline HCl showed dentinal tubule orifice with various shape and size. 3. Loss of tooth substance indices were compared between groups. There was no statistically difference between periodontal curet and Perio-Clean bur groups. There were statistically differences between periodontal curet and Roto-Perio bur, ET bur, and diamond fissure bur groups. As a result of this study, groups treated with Roto-Perio bur, resin polishing ET bur, and resin polishing diamond fissure bur showed more cementum removed than groups treated with periodontal curet and Perio-Clean bur. Therefore, in a conventional treatment for periodontal disease, it was recommended that periodontal curet or Perio-Clean bur should be used. In a treatment for regeneration of periodontal tissue, it was recommended that Roto-Perio bur, resin polishing ET bur, or resin polishing diamond fissure bur should be used

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.385-396
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• 2013

Zhang Yuan-Su(張元素) was a doctor of the Jin(金) period, who was followed by Li Dong-Yuan(李東垣) and Wang Hao-Gu(王好古), creating the Yishui School(易水學派). The most notable aspect of his theory is the internal organs(臟腑)-based diagnostic system. He organized previous methods based on the internal organs and applied the same methodology in treatment as well. The Zangfu-biaoben-xushi-hanre-yongyaoshi(臟腑標本虛實寒熱用藥式) is one of his major publications in which diagnostic and treatment methods are organized in a simple manner. In this book, the diseases of the organs are divided into the tip and root(標本). This paper investigates the standards of categorizing tip and root diseases through analysis of all symptoms of both tip and root diseases of the five internal organs. Then the results of the analysis were used in grasping the similarities and tendencies of the root disease and tip disease. Conclusively, root diseases indicate disorder in the internal organs themselves. Tip diseases indicate disorder in the channels and collaterals, diseases caused by exterior pathogens or symptoms that manifest in the exteriors of the body. Such categorization is thought to have been established to eliminate diagnostic error that could occur from using the same expressive means in describing symptoms with different causes, in the process of forming an uncomplicated diagnostic system.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Background: Some plants have harmful effects on fungi and bacteria as well as other plants. Incorporating such plant into soil as green manure is effective in reducing population densities of soil pathogens. Methods and Results: Twenty-three species of green manure crops were cultivated after the harvest of 6-year-old ginseng and then incorporated into the soil at the flowering stage. The following year, the root rot ratio of 2-year-old ginseng and soil chemical properties were investigated. In the absence of green manure addition, the $NO_3$ content, electric conductivity (EC), and K content decreased by 95%, 79% and 65%, respectively. In the presence of green manure addition, $P_2O_5$ and $NO_3$ contents reduced by 41% and 25%, respectively. The "survived root ratio" of 2-year-old ginseng significantly increased by 56.2%, 47.5%, and 47.3%, in the Sorghum sudanense, Ricinus communis and Helianthus tuberosus treatment, respectively. In addition, there was a significant increase in the "survived root ratio" in the Secale cereale, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Smallanthus sonchifolius treatments. The "survived root ratio" of ginseng showed a significant positive correlation with the soil pH and a negative correlation with the $NO_3$ contents, and EC. Conclusions: Cultivation of plant form the Chrysanthemum family as green manure, using mainly the rhizomes was effective for the control of root rot disease of ginseng.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.440-445
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• 2013

Balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) is a kind of mountain herbs whose roots have restorative properties and the cultivating acreage of balloon flower has been steadily increasing in Korea. More frequent rain and high amount of rainfalls as a result of climate changes predisposed balloon flower to the outbreaks of root rot at high-density cultivation area in recent years. Root crowns were usually discolored into brown to blackish brown at first and the infected plants showed slight wilting symptom at early infection stage. Severely infected roots were entirely rotted and whole plants eventually died at late infection stage. The overall disease severities of root rot of balloon flower were quite variable according to the surveyed fields in Jeonnam, Gyeongnam and Jeju Provinces, which ranged from 0.1% to 40%. The root rot occurred more severely at the paddy or clay soils than the sandy soils and their severities were much higher at lowland than upland in the same localty. The disease increased with aging of the balloon flower. The causal fungi were identified as Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum on the basis of their mycological characteristics. The optimum temperature ranges of their mycelial growths was found to be $24^{\circ}C$. The pathogenic characters of F. solani and F. oxysporum treated by artificial wounding inoculation on healthy roots of balloon flower revealed that F. solani was more virulent than F. oxysporum. This study identified the causal agents of root rot of balloon flower as Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum, probably for the first time.