• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.3
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• pp.338-345
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• 2001

This study was conducted to elucidate the relationship between the root structure and the crown structure of Norway spruce(Picea abies [L.] Karst), and thereafter to obtain the regression equation for the estimation of relative root and needle biomass using the tree height and diameter at breast height(DBH) without measurement of root and needle biomass. The study site was Barbis stands of Harz region located in central part of Germany. Five dominant and three co-dominant trees of 30 to 40 year-old Norway spruce were selected and tree height, diameter at breast height, clear bole length, weight of total needle and branch, cross section and sapwood area at breast height for biomass of above ground part and also the length of root, the number of root, the weight of root, the cross section area of root etc. by dividing the horizontal and vertical roots for below ground part of tree were measured. The significantly correlation was shown between the biomass of most of variables of above ground parts and those of below ground parts. For the diameter of breast height to the weight of total root, regression equation was Y = 3.56X - 45.94 and decision coefficient was 0.96 showing highly correlation. The weight of total branches and needles, and the tree height etc. of above ground parts showed highly positive relationship with below ground biomass. The results obtained from this study can be used to the estimating of biomass of below ground using variables of above ground such as DBH in the 30 to 40 year-old Norway spruce stands.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.177-184
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• 2014

This study was conducted to develop allometric equations and to determine the stem density and biomass expansion factor (BEF) for the estimation of the aboveground and belowground biomass of Cryptomeria japonica in Jeju Island, Korea. A total of 18 trees were harvested from the 40-year-old C. japonica stands in Hannam experimental forest, Jeju Island. The mean biomass of the C. japonica was $50.4Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in stem wood, $23.1Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in root, $9.6Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in branch, $4.6Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in needle and $4.3Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in stem bark. The diameter at breast height (DBH) was selected as independent variable for the development of allometric equations. To evaluate the performance of these equations, coefficient of determination ($R^2$) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used and results of the evaluation showed that $R^2$ ranged from 71% (root biomass equation) to 96% (aboveground biomass equation) and the RMSE ranged from 0.10 (aboveground biomass equation) to 0.33 (root biomass equation). The mean stem density of C. japonica was $0.37g\;cm^{-3}$ and the mean aboveground BEF was $1.28g\;g^{-1}$. Furthermore, the ratio of the root biomass to aboveground biomass was 0.32.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.139-143
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• 2004

To evaluate the biological and physiological response of Picea koraiensis Nakai to elevated $CO_2$ and nitrogen.3-year old seedlings were planted in an ambient and 700 ppm $CO_2$ at low (2mM $NH_4NO_3$) or high nitrogen (16mM $NH_4NO_3$) supplying treatments for 3 months. Photosynthetic parameters were measured monthly. Seedlings were harvested at monthly intervals and growth parameters of root system, stem and needle fractions were evaluated. The result showed that height of the seedlings grown at both of elevated $CO_2Xhigh$ nitrogen and elevated CO2×low nitrogen supplying treatments increased significantly more than that of at ambient CO2 treatments. Seedlings grown at elevated $CO_2Xhigh$ nitrogen produced more root biomass than at elevated $CO_2Xlow$ nitrogen and ambient $CO_2Xhigh$ nitrogen treatments. This result suggested that the root growth response of Picea koraiensis seedlings was greater in elevated $CO_2{\times}high$ nitrogen regime, which is very important for carbon sequestration in soil. $A_{max}$ of the seedlings grown at elevated $CO_2Xhigh$ nitrogen increased during the three months significantly, and $A_{max}$ of the seedlings grown at the other three treatments decreased significantly, suggesting that the interaction between elevated $CO_2$ and high nitrogen supplying stimulates the $A_{max}$ of Picea koraiensis. $A_{max}$ of the seedlings grown at elevated $CO_2Xlow$ nitrogen showed higher than other three treatments in the first month of the experiment, but decreased in succedent two months, suggesting that elevated $CO_2$ promotes the photosynthesis of the seedlings. However long term growth in elevated $CO_2Xlow$ nitrogen supplying condition resulted in an acclimatory decreased in leaf photosynthesis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.323-330
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• 2010

This study was undertaken to compare early growth characteristics, such as height, diameter at root collar (DRC), and the dry weights of stem, branches, needles and roots between naturally regenerated and planted stands of Pinus densiflora for. erecta in Dae-gi and Bo-gwang site, Gangwon province, Republic of Korea. Average DRC growth was similar between the naturally regenerated and the planted stands in Dae-gi area, however, difference was statistically significant (P<0.01) between the naturally regenerated and the planted stands in Bo-gwang area, 4.66 cm and 2.61 cm, respectively. Average height of the naturally regenerated stands was significantly greater (P<0.01) than that of planted stands in both Dae-gi and Bo-gwang areas. The composition ratio of the dry weights for each part of measured trees was the highest in the stem in the naturally regenerated stands, but in the planted stands, the needle was the highest in both sites. The root/shoot ratio in the Dae-gi and Bo-gwang areas in the planted stands were much greater than those in the naturally regenerated stands, 0.25-0.30 and 0.17-0.18, respectively. The ratio of needle to stem biomass (N/S), branch to stem biomass (B/S), and needle to branch biomass (N/B) was significantly greater in the planted stands than those in the naturally regenerated stands in both sites. The results of this study represent that the regeneration methods, natural and artificial regenerations, can have an influence on the early growth of P densiflora for. erecta. This results not only provide the need for a correct planting method, but also will be useful in studies on the environmental adaptability of trees.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2010

Individual differences of ozone ($O_3$) resistance for seed production, seed germination and seedling development were examined in this study. Five in each healthy and damaged trees of Pinus thunbergii growing in air polluted area for 12 years were chosen based on visible foliar injury and growth. The cones of P. thunbergii, which were collected from healthy and damaged trees, were analyzed for physical characteristics and seeds from the cones were used to test germination percentage under $O_3$ treatment. The germinated seeds were continuously exposed to $O_3$ treatment and the lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidative enzymes were determined for both seeds and seedlings. The $O_3$ treatment for seed germination and seedling development were conducted at three conditions: control, 150 ppb and 300 ppb of $O_3$. The non-treated seeds from the damaged trees showed 21.6% lower germination than those from the healthy ones. On the $O_3$ treatment of 300 ppb, seed germination decreased approximately 10% for the healthy trees and 19% for the damaged trees compared to that on the control. The seeds from the healthy trees showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase (CAT) than those from the damaged trees. The activities of GR, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and CAT decreased along with the increasing $O_3$ concentration in two tree grades. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content of seeds was not influenced by $O_3$ treatment for two tree grades. In seedling development, there were no significant differences for length and biomass of needle and root of two tree grades at both the control and 150 ppb of $O_3$. At 300 ppb of $O_3$ treatment, however, the length and biomass of needle and stem decreased for two tree grades but no significant differences was detected in root. The seedlings from the damaged trees were more sensitive to the $O_3$ treatment, showing higher activities of SOD, APX, and CAT and content of MDA compared to those from the healthy tree seedlings. Our results indicate that seed germination and seedling development are vulnerable to increasing $O_3$ concentrations and that attention must be paid to the individual selection of tree species for reforestation.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the promoting effect of wood flour on the mycelial growth of Lentinus lepideus and Lentinus edodes. To determine the optimal culture condition, we first examined the tissue origin of pine flour (Pinus densiflora) including needle, bark, root and xylem. Only the xylem-derived flour increased mycelial growth compared to no treatment control. The addition of the xylem flour (5 g/l) showed the highest increase and the glucose level in the basal medium was best at 10 g/l. The smaller particle size of the xylem flour showed the positive effect on mycelial growth; two-fold increase when supplemented with flour of which particle size is less than $106\;{\mu}m$ in diameter compared to $425\;{\mu}m$. The addition of the xylem flour continuously increased the mycelial production for 25 days while mycelia stopped growing within 15 days without the xylem flour. In addition, when woody flour obtained from the different tree species was applied to L. edodes mycelial culture, all treatments accelerated mycelial production compared to the control. Based on all results described above, we conclude that the supplementation of woody flour to culture medium may be an another promising way to increase mycelial production of economically important fungi.