• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.219-231
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• 2011

Waste fills resulting from coal mining should consist of large, free-draining sedimentary rocks fragments. The successful performance of these fills is related to the strength and durability of the individual rock fragments. When fills are made of shale fragments, some fragments will be durable and some will degrade into soil particles resulting from slaking and inter-particle point loads. The degraded material fills the voids between the intact fragments, and results in settlement. A laboratory program with point load and slake durability tests as well as thin section examination of sixty-eight shale samples from the Appalachian region of the United States revealed that pore micro-geometry has a major influence on degradation. Under saturated and unsaturated conditions, the shales absorb water, and the air in their pores is compressed, breaking the shales. This breakage was more pronounced in shales with smooth pore boundaries and having a diameter equal to or smaller than 0.060 mm. If the pore walls were rough, the air-pressure breaking mechanism was not effective. However, pore roughness (measured by the fractal dimension) had a detrimental effect on point load resistance. This study indicated that the optimum shales to resist both slaking as well as point loads are those that have pores with a fractal dimension equal to 1.425 and a diameter equal to or smaller than 0.06 mm.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.459-468
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• 2018

In this paper, the effect of non-persistent joints was determined on the behavior of concrete specimens subjected to biaxial loading through numerical modeling using particle flow code in two dimensions (PFC2D). Firstly, a numerical model was calibrated by uniaxial, Brazilian and triaxial experimental results to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical model's response. Secondly, sixteen rectangular models with dimension of 100 mm by 100 mm were developed. Each model contains two non-persistent joints with lengths of 40 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The angularity of the larger joint changes from $30^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$. In each configuration, the small joint angularity changes from $0^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$ in $30^{\circ}$ increments. All of the models were under confining stress of 1 MPa. By using of the biaxial test configuration, the failure process was visually observed. Discrete element simulations demonstrated that macro shear fractures in models are because of microscopic tensile breakage of a large number of bonded discs. The failure pattern in Rock Bridge is mostly affected by joint overlapping whereas the biaxial strength is closely related to the failure pattern.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.1045-1055
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• 2017

Tensile strength is considered key properties for characterizing rock material in engineering project. It is determined by direct and indirect methods. Point load test is a useful testing method to estimate the tensile strengths of rocks. In this paper, the effects of rock shape on the point load index of gypsum are investigated by PFC2D simulation. For PFC simulating, initially calibration of PFC was performed with respect to the Brazilian experimental data to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical models response. In second step, nineteen models with different shape were prepared and tested under point load test. According to the obtained results, as the size of the models increases, the point load strength index increases. It is also found that the shape of particles has no major effect on its tensile strength. Our findings show that the dominant failure pattern for numerical models is breaking the model into two pieces. Also a criterion was rendered numerically for determination of tensile strength of gypsum. The proposed criteria were cross checked with the results of experimental point load test.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.299-311
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• 2022

Water-resisting key stratum (WKS) between coal seams is an important barrier that prevents water inrush from goaf in roof under multi-seam mining. The occurrence of water inrush can be evaluated effectively by analyzing the fracture of WKS in multi-seam mining. A "long beam" water inrush mechanical model was established using the multi-seam mining of No. 2+3 and No. 8 coal seams in Xiqu Mine as the research basis. The model comprehensively considers the pressure from goaf, the gravity of overburden rock, the gravity of accumulated water, and the constraint conditions. The stress distribution expression of the WKS was obtained under different mining distances in No. 8 coal seam. The criterion of breakage at any point of the WKS was obtained by introducing linear Mohr strength theory. By using the mechanical model, the fracture of the WKS in Xiqu Mine was examined and its breaking position was calculated. And the risk of water inrush was also evaluated. Moreover, breaking process of the WKS was reproduced with Flac3D numerical software, and was analyzed with on-site microseismic monitoring data. The results showed that when the coal face of No. 8 coal seam in Xiqu Mine advances to about 80 m ~ 100 m, the WKS is stretched and broken at the position of 60 m ~ 70 m away from the open-off cut, increasing the risk of water inrush from goaf in roof. This finding matched the result of microseismic analysis, confirming the reliability of the water inrush mechanical model. This study therefore provides a theoretical basis for the prevention of water inrush from goaf in roof in Xiqu Mine. It also provides a method for evaluating and monitoring water inrush from goaf in roof.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2016

도심지나 보안건물과 근접한 곳에서 폭약을 사용하는 발파작업이 수행되는 경우 지반진동 및 소음의 영향을 최소화 시킬 필요가 있다. 이러한 지반진동과 소음은 암반의 천공내에 장전된 폭약이 기폭되며 주변 암반을 파괴하고 남은 일부 충격에너지에 의하여 발생된다. 최근 천공 내 U형 철재장약홀더를 삽입하여 충격파의 전파방향을 제어하여 자유면방향으로 파쇄효과를 유지하며 암반 내로 전파하는 충격진동을 감쇄시키는 발파 공법이 제안되었다. 본 연구에서는 U형 철재장약홀더를 적용한 암반발파에서 충격파의 전파특성을 파악하기 위하여, AUTODYN 소프트웨어를 이용하여 장약홀더 내 장전된 폭약의 폭굉을 모사하고 주변암반에 전달된 충격파를 측정하였다. 또한 장약홀더 발파의 암파쇄 효과를 파악하기 위하여 동적파괴과정해석코드인 DFPA(Dynamic Fracture Process Analysis)를 적용하여 장약홀더를 이용한 장약조건을 고려한 2자유면 발파를 모사하였다. 일반발파의 장약조건을 고려한 충격파 발생 및 파괴과정해석을 추가적으로 수행하여 장약홀더의 암파쇄효과를 비교하였다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.39-54
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• 2009

대형직접전단시험기를 이용하여, 국내의 석산에서 생산된 쇄석재료들에 대한 전단거동을 분석하였다. 시료별로 전단강도를 산출하였으며, 최대입경, 수침조건, 밀도, 균등계수, 파쇄율 등의 변화에 따른 전단거동의 영향을 평가하여, 선행연구결과와 정성적으로 비교하였다. 아울러, 일의 원리를 응용하여, 쇄석재료의 응력-다일러턴시 관계를 규명하였으며, 한계상태의 마찰계수와 첨두마찰각 및 팽창각을 산출하였다. 실험결과 일축압축강도와 파쇄율이 쇄석의 내부마찰각에 가장 결정적인 영향을 미치며, 파괴시 다일러턴시도 연관성이 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.387-392
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• 2017

최근 도심지 도로 하부 지반함몰 사고는 상수관로, 하수관거, 통신관로, 가스관로, 배전지중관로, 지하철 등의 다양한 공익시설 및 지하구조물이 시공되고 있으며 이러한 시설물의 부적절한 시공, 노후로 인한 시설물 손상, 유지관리 소홀이 그 원인으로 추정되고 있다. 도로함몰은 도로하부에서 매설관 파손 등의 원인으로 공동이 발생한 후 공동이 성장 확대되어 포장면 하부까지 도달하고 도로를 통행하는 차량의 하중을 도로포장 부분이 지탱할 수 없을 정도의 소성변형이 발생하여 갑자기 함몰이 발생할 경우 인명피해 및 교통장애를 초래하는 등 사회전반적인 안전과 경제 발전에 위협이 될 수 있다. 서울시에서는 도로 하부의 공동이 함몰되기 이전 단계에서 3D GPR 탐사를 통해 발견하여 복구함으로써 지반함몰에 따른 피해를 사전에 차단하는 노력이 우선적으로 진행되고 있으며 그 사례를 소개하였다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.229-234
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• 2002

현재 우리 나라의 각종 건설공사에 수반되는 암반 굴착작업은 아직까지 화약류에 의한 발파공법이 주를 이루고 있는 실정이다. 이는 발파공법이 다른 굴착방법에 비하여 경제성 및 작업 효율성 등에서 효과적이기 때문이다. 그러나, 도심지에서 발파작업은 작업에 수반되는 환경 공해적 요소인 소음, 진동, 암석의 비산 및 분진 등의 끊임없는 민원발생과 많은 피해가 발생되어 미진동 및 무진동 굴착방법이 대체공법으로 사용되고 있기는 하나 이들은 경제성 및 효율성이 낮아 궁극적인 해결책이 절실히 요구되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 백열광에 의해 유도된 열 응력 (인장 및 전단 응력)을 이용한 무진동, 무소음 암반 파쇄공법의 특성, 암석파쇄효과 및 경제성에 대하여 검토하였다. 본 연구에서 백열광에 의한 암반굴착방법은 500Kw의 전력소비로 $16ft{\times}16ft$정도의 터널단면을 하루에 약 90ft 굴진이 가능한 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 본 굴착방법은 전기를 동력원으로 이용하기 때문에 화약발파에 의한 작업 중단이 필요 없으며 화이트라이트 유니트를 추가로 설치하면 굴착속도를 더욱 단축할 수 있게 된다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제2권3_4호
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• pp.159-164
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• 2001

In this study, the effects of carbon black (CB) content and anodic oxidation treatment with $AgNO_3$ on positive temperature coefficient (PTC) behavior of CB/HDPE nanocomposites were investigated. Also, the addition of elastomer as a toughing agent was studied. The 20~50 wt% of CB, 0~5 wtt% of elastomer, and 1 wt% of $AgNO_3$-filled HDPE nanocomposites were prepared using the internal mixer in 60 rpm at $160{\circ}C$ and the compression-molded at $180{\circ}C$ for 10 min. As a result, the room temperature resistivity and PTC intensity of the composites were dependent, to a large extent, on the content of CB, addition of elastomer, and surface chemical properties that were controlled in the relative arrangements of the carbon black aggregates in a polymeric matrix. Moreover, the composites with relatively low room temperature resistivity and suitable PTC intensity could be achieved by treatment of $AgNO_3$. Consequently, it was noted that PTC effect was due to the deagglomeration or the breakage of the conductive networks caused by thermal expansion or crystalline melting of the polymeric matrix.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2010

Since various weathered soils are encountered in many domestic construction sites, it is necessary to estimate characteristics of natural weathered soils. However, the remolded sample of weathered soils are commonly used to estimate their characteristics because it is very difficult to sample weathered soils in undisturbed states. However, it is well known that the behavior of remolded sample is different from that of the undisturbed sample particularly in the dynamic response, because the particle structure of undisturbed sample maintains its original structure from the mother rock. Thus, to evaluate the influence of sampling method and preparation method on stress-strain behavior, the resonant column tests were performed on the block, tube samples, remolded samples with static compression and remolded samples with tamping of the weathered granite soils. The shear modulus of the remolded sample with tamping is larger than the other samples presumably due to the high tamping pressure enough to induce particle breakage. The tube samples show larger damping ratios than other samples. Furthermore, one-dimensional ground response analysis was performed to compare the results qualitatively.