• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.268-278
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to apply the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system to the production of seasoned laver products. The hazard analysis examined microbial evaluations and developed a HACCP management plan through the heating process. Methods: In this study we chose three companies and performed the analysis thrice. During this study, general bacteria along with other food poisoning bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, E.coil, O157:H7, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were studied at varying temperatures from 100 to $300^{\circ}C$. Results: The presence of general bacteria was detected in raw laver in the samples analyzed from all the three companies, and the number ranged from $10^5-10^7$. Bacillus cereus was detected in samples from only two of the three companies analyzed. However, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E.coil, O157:H7, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were all negative. General bacteria was reduced to $10^5$ after being subjected to temperatures of $100-250^{\circ}C$, but heating to over $270^{\circ}C$ reduced the number to below $10^3$, and the other microbes such as Bacillus cereus were not detected. Conclusions: In conclusion, the heating process ($270-280^{\circ}C$) along with RPM of 100-1200 were identified as CCP to reduce biological hazards.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 2017

Objectives: Since 1998, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) has been conducted in order to investigate the health and nutritional status of Koreans. The food intake data of individuals in the KNHANES has also been utilized as source dataset for risk assessment of chemicals via food. To improve the reliability of intake estimation and prevent missing data for less-responded foods, the structure of integrated long-standing datasets is significant. However, it is difficult to merge multi-year survey datasets due to ineffective cleaning processes for handling extensive numbers of codes for each food item along with changes in dietary habits over time. Therefore, this study aims at 1) cleaning the process of abnormal data 2) generation of integrated long-standing raw data, and 3) contributing to the production of consistent dietary exposure factors. Methods: Codebooks, the guideline book, and raw intake data from KNHANES V and VI were used for analysis. The violation of the primary key constraint and the $1^{st}-3rd$ normal form in relational database theory were tested for the codebook and the structure of the raw data, respectively. Afterwards, the cleaning process was executed for the raw data by using these integrated codes. Results: Duplication of key records and abnormality in table structures were observed. However, after adjusting according to the suggested method above, the codes were corrected and integrated codes were newly created. Finally, we were able to clean the raw data provided by respondents to the KNHANES survey. Conclusion: The results of this study will contribute to the integration of the multi-year datasets and help improve the data production system by clarifying, testing, and verifying the primary key, integrity of the code, and primitive data structure according to the database normalization theory in the national health data.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2018

Objectives: Preservatives, suspected to be endocrine disrupting chemicals, are widely used in feminine hygiene products for the prevention of deterioration. Information regarding the usage patterns of feminine hygiene products and the concentrations of preservatives in these products is limited. The present study was conducted to investigate the use of feminine cleansers among Korean women and quantify the concentration of preservatives in feminine cleansers. Methods: Approximately 500 women were recruited from the city of Busan in August 2017 and a questionnaire survey was conducted on the use of feminine cleansers. Several major feminine hygiene products (n=69) were identified and selected for analysis of 22 preservatives. Following appropriate preparation, the products were analyzed by HPLC/DAD. Results: Over 70% of the participating women used at least one feminine cleanser. Marital status and parity were associated with the frequency of use. Liquid was most frequently used form of feminine cleanser (66.6%). The greatest proportion of subjects answered that they use it 'one to two times per week' (36.5%). Among the 69 feminine cleansers, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, phenoxyethanol, and methyl paraben were detected at $144-4,428{\mu}g/g$, $195-1,470{\mu}g/g$, $269-4,237{\mu}g/g$, and $625-4,901{\mu}g/g$, respectively. BA was the most frequently detected (46.4%). Conclusions: In the present study, the characteristics of feminine cleanser use among Korean women were investigated. Based on an analysis of preservatives in the feminine hygiene products, one product was determined to exceed the maximum authorized concentration of MeP (0.4%). Our results will help refine exposure and risk assessment for toxic chemicals in feminine cleansers.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.548-554
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• 2020

Objectives: This study is to examine the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials in elementary school classrooms and libraries in Seoul, and to investigate phthalate contamination in indoor dust. Methods: PVC material was identified for building materials and furniture using portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Phthalates in dust samples (n=19) were extracted by ultrasonic extraction using cyclohexane and analyzed by GC-MS. Results: Diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were found in all collected dust samples (n=19), and diisonyl phthalate (DINP) was detected in all except for one sample (n=18). The concentration of DEHP (median: 2190 mg/kg) and DINP (2960 mg/kg) were higher than other compounds, suggesting that there are many products in the school that used these compounds. When comparing the phthalate concentration in the classroom (n=11) and library dust (n=8), the total concentration in the classroom (median: 10000 mg/kg) was higher than that in the library (8030 mg/kg). DEHP was the dominant compound in the library. The library is relatively more equipped with PVC furniture (n=83) and most floors are also identified as PVC material, suggesting that floors and furniture made of PVC materials are main sources of DEHP contamination. Conclusions: This study is a pilot survey for investigating phthalate contamination in elementary schools. As a result of the survey, phthalate contamination in elementary school was confirmed. However, further study requires risk assessment of children through analysis of phthalate metabolites in children based on sufficient number of samples and information about the site.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2012

The gobiidae, $Tridentiger$ $trigonocephalus$, $Chasmichtthys$ $dolichognathus$ and $Favonigobius$ $gymnauchen$ were reared for 4 weeks under 0~33.6‰ salinity conditions to examine the effects of various salinity on its survival and growth. Survival rate of $C.$ $dolichognathus$ and $F.$ $gymnauchen$ were significantly declined below 3.4‰ and 0‰, respectively. Growth rate of $T.$ $trigonocephalus$ was significantly reduced 0‰ salinity. Growth rate of $C.$ $dolichognathus$ and $F.$ $gymnauchen$ exposed to ${\geq}$13.4‰ and ${\geq}$6.7‰ were significantly higher than those of gobiidae exposed to below ${\leq}$10.1‰ and ${\leq}$3.4‰ salinity, respectively. This study reveled that low salinity (${\leq}$3.4‰) reduced survival and growth rates of the 3 gobiidae suggesting potential influence on the natural mortality of gobiidae in the coastal areas.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.343-351
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• 2014

Tunnel face mapping plays an important role in risk analysis and infrastructure support decisions during tunnel construction. In this study, a digital mapping system using a mobile device is employed instead of existing face-mapping methods that rely upon face mapping sheets. The mobile device is then connected to the main server in the field, where a tunnel-specific database is compiled automatically. This information provides real-time feedback on the tunnel face to construction personnel and engineers, thus allowing for rapid assessment of tunnel face stability and infrastructure needs. The Douglas-Peucker algorithm, among others, is employed to resolve problems arising from the detailed mapping and speed problem by data accumulation. This system is expected to raise program optimization through field verification and additional functional improvements.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.558-576
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• 2020

Purpose: This study wanted to empirically study the effects of ISO 22301 and ISMS certification requirements on Business Performance. Method: For research, a survey was conducted on ISO 22301 and ISMS-certified companies to collect data and use SPASS18 and AMOS18 for statistical analysis. Results: Verification of the hypotheses through the questionnaire demonstrated that BCP, BCM operation, management, and access control of ISO 22301 and ISMS certification requirements, including BIA, risk assessment, BCP, BCM, BCM operation, management, and access security requirements, affect the enterprise's performance (quality improvement, customer satisfaction, financial performance) through the intermediation of the enterprise culture, and the feasibility of the survey paper is high. Conclution: This study has derived the impact of ISO 22301 and ISMS certification requirements on business performance, and based on this, it is deemed necessary to present improvements to ISO 22301 and ISMS certification, and to study future ISO 22301 certification activation and domestic certification, BCMS.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.121-130
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• 2016

Objectives : Recently, people who have normal brachial blood pressure(BP) are being threatened by high-risk disease such as stroke. The aim of this study is to suggest that new method to assess systemic circulation. It can be performed by analyzing optimal blood pulse wave on 3 sites belonging to subjects that have normal BP. Methods : We respectively extracted main peaks(h1) of optimal blood pulse wave on left/right temporal artery(LR1=h1), radial artery(LR2=h1) and dorsalis pedis artery(LR3=h1). We obtained h1 from 30 subjects who are discreetly chosen and have normal BP. Main peak(h1) can be extracted by using 3D pulse imaging analyser(DMP-1000+, DAEYOMEDI Co., Korea) that has 5-level pressure method. We analyzed the ratio of [LR1/LR2] and [LR3/LR2]. Results : In the case of male group, the results are [LR1/LR2=0.7100.177] and [LR3/LR2=0.9290.317]. In the case of female group, the results are [LR1/LR2=0.6680.121] and [LR3/LR2=0.7050.195]. Especially, it is statistically verified that the result of ratio [LR3/LR2] is much higher in male group than in female group(p<0.05). Conclusions : We suggested the standard ratio of [LR1/LR2] and [LR3/LR2] for normal subjects, respectively. It can be adopted as a new method to evaluate the systemic circulation.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.229-237
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• 2008

Recently, parabens have been believed to act as xenoestrogens, an identified class of endocrine disruptors (EDs). These environmental compounds are the most well-known as preservatives in many commercial products, including food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. It has been demonstrated that the human health risks of parabens result from a long-term exposure to skin in which this chemical group is rapidly absorbed through the skin. On the other hand, parabens are also completely absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. It has reported that these substances possess several biological effects in which inhibitory property involved in membrane transports and mitochondrial functions is considered to be important for their action. Testing of parabens has revealed that estrogen-like activities of these chemicals are much less potent than natural estrogen, $17{\beta}$ estradiol (E2). Additionally, the estrogenicity of individual paraben- compounds is distinct depending upon their biochemical structure. Recent findings of paraben-estrogenic activities have shown that these compounds may affect breast cancer incidence in women, suggesting adverse ecological outcomes of this environmental group on human and animal health. Although the biological and toxicological effects of parabens have been demonstrated in many previous studies, possible mechanism(s) of their action are required to be explored in order to bring the better understanding in the detrimental impacts of parabens in human and wildlife. There have several different types of parabens which are the most widely used as preservatives. These include methyl-paraben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, a major metabolite of parabens. In this review, we summarize current database based on in vitro and in vivo assays for estrogenic activities and health risk assessment of paraben- EDs which have been published previously.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.849-857
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate 5th grade elementary school girls' effort to recognize and use nutritional labels on processed foods and restaurant meals to encourage dietary behavior. The subjects (n=976) were divided into three groups (effort group, n=711; normal group, n=193; and no-effort group, n=72) depending on level of effort for the healthy dietary behavior such as eating balanced meals, eating three meals regularly, and eating meals slowly. In the effort group, the frequency of food intake for breads, ramen, noodles and fast foods was significantly lower, while frequency of food intake for fruits and vegetables and salad was significantly higher than in the other two groups. In the effort group, the ratio of the respondents that perception of nutrition labeling on processed foods and restaurant meals was 80.5% and 31.4% and the ratio of girls who checked the nutrition labeling at their point of purchase was 71.1% and 24.7%, respectively. Reasons given for not reading nutrition labeling for restaurant meals were 'not interested' for 34.6% of the effort group, and 52.2% of the no-effort group. Therefore, it is necessary to create an educational program on healthy dietary behavior, including how to read nutrition labeling and establishment of proper body image perception for elementary school girls.