• 제목/요약/키워드: ridge part

Search Result 139, Processing Time 0.027 seconds

A Study on Changes of Physico-Chemical Properties of Plow Layer Soil and its Response of Tobacco Growth under Poly Ethylene Film Mulching Condition. -1. Effect of Poly Ethylene Film Mulch on Changes of Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture Content in the Rhizosphere (연초피복재배(煙草被覆栽培)에서 작토시(作土尸)의 이화학성변화(理化學性變化)와 연초생장반응(煙草生長反應)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) -1. 피복조건(被覆條件)이 근권(根圈)의 토양온도(土壤溫度)와 수분변화(水分變化)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Hong, Soon-Dal;Lee, Yun-Hwan;Kim, Jai-Joung;Cho, Seong-Jin
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
    • /
    • v.18 no.1
    • /
    • pp.20-26
    • /
    • 1985
  • Under the field condition mulched by polyethylene film, changes of the soil moisture content and soil temperature due to the meteorological influence, which have had a great effect upon productivity of upland - field crop, was investigated. The results obtained were as follows; 1. During the early growth stage from the first part of April to the last part of May, soil temperature at 15cm below the mulched surface of ridge (13:00) was about $5^{\circ}C$ higher than that of non-mulched plot. 20 days earlier than normal soil temperature reached up to $20^{\circ}C$ due to the mulching. The increasing of soil temperature resulted from poly ethylene film mulching had a similar tendency for the annual experiment of 3 years (1982-1984). 2. Changes of the soil moisture content in the plow layer during the growing season was remarkably less in the mulched plot than in the non-mulched plot due to suppression of evaporation by polyethylene film. 3. Soil moisture contents of the plots planted with tobacco was lower than those of the non-planted plots owing to the more transpiration induced by growing of the tobacco plant. As the results, it was refered that initial fresh weight of above ground part of tobacco that had an influence upon the consumption of soil moisture by the transpiration rather than evaporation was about 250g per plant. 4. At the appreciable amount of rainfall (for instance; 63.5mm), soil moisture content at middle place between plants in the plow layer of the mulched plot was not increased owing to the infiltration interruption by polyethylene film. 5. By the comparatively small amount of rainfall (e.g. 20mm) after the drought period, leaf water potential of the mulched plot was not increased as much as that of the non-mulched plot owing to the less moisture content of soil resulted from interruption of rainfall.

  • PDF

Habitation of the Insect Vector, Monochamus alternatus of Pine Wood Nematode on Height Sound Stumps by Felling Seasons (벌채시기와 그루터기 높이가 소나무재선충병의 매개충인 솔수염하늘소의 서식에 미치는 영향)

  • Jeon, Kwon-Seok;Park, Nam-Chang;Lee, Sung-Min;Choi, Hae-Woong;Hong, Sung-Cheon
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
    • /
    • v.102 no.2
    • /
    • pp.170-175
    • /
    • 2013
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effect on the habitation of Monochamus alternatus, a vector insect of Pine wood nematode by the tended sound stumps for the developing forestry control methods of Pine wilt disease controls. Field cage plots (1 m ${\times}$ 1 m ${\times}$ 1 m) were established 12 units (Experiment1:4 units, Experiment2:8 Units) and were treated 4 kinds(February in 2010, February, April, June in 2011). The adults of M. alternatus were put into 4~5couples each the cage June in 2011. Presence or absence of the larva entrance holes and larva were detailed November in 2011. The larva were appeared in the sound stumps of sapling and young trees tended at February, April, June, the current emergence year of M. alternatus, but were not appeared in the sound stumps of sapling and young trees tended February in 2010, one year before the emergence of M. alternatus. The larva habitated in stumps of sapling were likely to be smaller in size in compare to the larva in stumps of young trees. In case of young tree, the larva were found at the cleft part of bark, but were not found at ridge part of bark. All observed larva appeared at part of bark and between the bark and the woody parts, but were not found at the woody parts. To develop the control guiding principal of sound stump after forest tending practice, further experiment need is in existence oviposition and larvae of vectors by height of stemps.

Geology and Landscape of Mt. Mudeung Province Park, Korea (무등산 도립공원의 지질과 경관)

  • Ahn, Kun-Sang
    • The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
    • /
    • v.19 no.2
    • /
    • pp.109-121
    • /
    • 2010
  • Mt. Mudeung is located in Gwangju city, Damyang-Gun, Hwasun-Gun and its round form give us the mood of soft and rich. Its location is $126^{\circ}06'-127^{\circ}01'E$ and $35^{\circ}06'-35^{\circ}10'N$ and its highest peak is Cheonwang-bong with the height of 1,187 m. The Gwangju city is located in the West of Mt. Mudeng and the mountain range with a small basin in its East. The pavilion such as the Soswaewon, Songganjeong, Sigyongjeong are distributed along the stream in the north of Mt. Mudeung. The mountain is formed from the volcanic activity, Gwangju cauldron during the Cretaceous. The top part of Mt. Mudeung is composed of dark gray quartz-andesite and its K-Ar whole rock age is $48.1{\pm}1.7Ma$. The composition of the north area, where the Wonhyosa temple is located, is micrographic granite, whereas the composition of south area is rhyolite mainly. The main ridge of Mt. Mudeung runs from North, starting from the Bukbong, to south, passing Cheonwangbong, Jangbuljae and ending Anyangsan. Geologic feature of the mountain includes volcanic landform, mountaineous landform, and stream landform. The Seosukdae, Ipseokdae, Gyubongam, which are main ridges and formed from volcanic activity, are composed of mainly columnar joint. Saeinbong and Majipbong in the south-west are composed of mainly cliff and dome. The typical erosion landform of the mountain has three different types of the weathering-cave, each of which reflect the property of the original rock. Four different area of wide block stream, they makes the geological feature of spring-water, though its scale is small compared to that of water fall.

A Study on the Transport Mechanism of Tidal Beach Sediments I. Deukryang Bay, South Coast of Korea (조간대성 해빈 퇴적물의 이동양상에 관한 연구 I. 한국 남해안의 득량만)

  • Ryu, Sang-Ock;Kim, Joo-Young;Chang, Jin-Ho;Cho, Yeong-Gil;Shin, Sang-Eun;Eun, Go-Yo-Na
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
    • /
    • v.27 no.2
    • /
    • pp.221-235
    • /
    • 2006
  • In order to understand the transport mechanism of tidal beach sediments in Deukryang Bay, south coast of Korea, beach profiles, surface sediments, sedimentation rates and hydrodynamic conditions have been investigated. The beach is composed of a steep beach face and gentle low-tide terrace, showing general morphologic characteristics of tide dominated beach. Central beach face of an indented coast becomes flattened in summer, but ridge and runnel system developed in other seasons makes the beach profile rather irregular. These seasonal variations of beach profiles and sedimentation rate indicate that beach sedimentation is mainly controlled by both tide and wave processes. Erosion is prevalent in winter when strong wind wave is dominant, while deposition is dominant in other seasons. However, central beach showed an apparent erosional phase in summer. This is caused by strong waves induced by southerly strong winds occurring ephemerally during the summer. On the other hand, sedimentation rates are -89.2 mm/yr on the central beach and 60.5 mm/yr and 38.2 mm/yr on the sides. This result suggests that sediments are eroded on the central beach and subsequently transported to the both sides. Therefore, the central part of Sumun beach, used as a beach bathing site, will be continuously eroded, if nearby dyke continues to prevent the sediment supply from sources.

Gonadal Development and Sex Differentiation of a Korean Endemic Species, Black Bullhead Pseudobagrus koreanus (한국 특산종 눈동자개, Pseudobagrus koreanus의 생식소 발달과 성분화)

  • Park, Jin-Seok;Lee, Won-Kyo;Park, Chung-Kug;Heo, Seung-Joon;Ki, Se-Wun;Choi, Nak-Hyun
    • Development and Reproduction
    • /
    • v.12 no.3
    • /
    • pp.215-220
    • /
    • 2008
  • Sex differentiation process of the spotted Black Bullhead, Pseudobagrus koreanus, was investigated using fish samples of different age after hatching. The primordial germ cells appeared separately under air bladder in 1-day larva (total length: $6.63{\sim}6.95\;mm$). The primordial gonad with a genital ridge developed in 5-day prelarva ($7.50{\sim}9.36\;mm$). The ovarian differentiation started in about 25-day juvenile ($11.58{\sim}13.21\;mm$). The somatic tissues enlongated in the tip of one end of undifferentiated gonad and fused each other. Thus a small ovarian cavity appeared. The testicular differentiation was initiated in 30-day juvenile ($12.19{\sim}13.72\;mm$). The rudiment of sperm duct was appeared in the lower part of the undifferentiated gonad. In 50-day juvenile ($16.28{\sim}17.06\;mm$), the ovary started to fill with peri-nucleolus oocytes, and the spermatogonia started to develop. In 250-day juvenile ($35.49{\sim}51.12\;mm$), the ovary became bigger and filled with oocytes, and the number of spermatogonia started to increase. Considering these results, the spotted Black Bullhead could be a differentiated type in sex differentiation and gonochorism in sexuality.

  • PDF

Aluminum Solubility of Andisols in Jeju Island, Korea (제주도 Andisol 토양의 Al-용해도 특성)

  • Lee, Gyoo-Ho;Song, Yun-Goo;Moon, Ji-Won;Moon, Hi-Soo
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
    • /
    • v.45 no.2
    • /
    • pp.89-104
    • /
    • 2012
  • The solubility of aluminum for two Andisol profiles formed on pyroclastic materials and basaltic rocks from Jeju Island, Korea was investigated. It is found that high organic carbon content and $Al_{pyrophosphate}/Al_{oxalate}$ ratios in the A horizons, suggesting the substantial amounts of reactive Al are associated with organic matter, whereas the low organic carbon content and the $Al_{pyrophosphate}/Al_{oxalate}$ ratios in the Bo horizons indicate that a major part of the reactive Al should be bound inorganically. The differential FT-IR spectra following acid-oxalate dissolution and heating up to 150 and $350^{\circ}C$, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation confirm that imogolite is in the Bo horizon. Our results of equilibration experiments demonstrate that the Al solubility in the Bo horizon for Andisols can be clarified by the congruent dissolution model for imogolite-type material (ITM), rather than by the simultaneous equilibrium with both ITM and Al hydroxy-interlayered aluminosilicate. With results from dialysis and aging procedures, it is noted that the formation of a proto imogolite sol showing its transformation to imogolite, which supports the congruent dissolution of ITM primarily controlling the Al solubility of Andisols in Jeju Island, Korea.

Late Quaternary Sequence Stratigraphy in Kyeonggi Bay, Mid-eastern Yellow Sea (황해 중동부 경기만의 후기 제4기 순차층서 연구)

  • Kwon, Yi-Kyun
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
    • /
    • v.33 no.3
    • /
    • pp.242-258
    • /
    • 2012
  • The Yellow Sea has sensitively responded to high-amplitude sea-level fluctuations during the late Quaternary. The repeated inundation and exposure have produced distinct transgression-regression successions with extensive exposure surfaces in Kyeonggi Bay. The late Quaternary strata consist of four seismic stratigraphic units, considered as depositional sequences (DS-1, DS-2, DS-3, and DS-4). DS-1 was interpreted as ridge-forming sediments of tidal-flat and estuarine channel-fill facies, formed during the Holocene highstand. DS-2 consists of shallow-marine facies in offshore area, which was formed during the regression of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)-3 period. DS-3 comprises the lower transgressive facies and the upper highstand tidal-flat facies in proximal ridges and forced regression facies in distal ridges and offshore area. The lowermost DS-4 rests on acoustic basement rocks, considered as the shallow-marine and shelf deposits formed before the MIS-6 lowstand. This study suggests six depositional stages. During the first stage-A, MIS-6 lowstand, the Yellow Sea shelf was subaerially exposed with intensive fluvial incision and weathering. The subsequent rapid and high amplitude rise of sea level in stage-B until the MIS-5e highstand produced transgressive deposits in the lowermost part of the MIS-5 sequence, and the successive regression during the MIS-5d to -5a and the MIS-4 lowstand formed the upperpart of the MIS-5 sequence in stage-C. During the stage-D, from the MIS-4 lowstand to MIS-3c highstand period, the transgressive MIS-3 sequence formed in a subtidal environment characterized by repetitive fluvial incision and channel-fill deposition in exposed area. The subsequent sea-level fall culminating the last glacial maximum (Stage-E) made shallow-marine regressive deposits of MIS-3 sequence in offshore distal area, whereas it formed fluvial channel-fills and floodplain deposits in the proximal area. After the last glacial maximum, the overall Yellow Sea shelf was inundated by the Holocene transgression and highstand (Stage-F), forming the Holocene transgressive shelf sands and tidal ridges.

Petrology of Alkali Volcanic Rocks in Northern part of Ulrung Island (울릉도(鬱陵島) 북부(北部) 알칼리 화산암류(火山岩類)에 대(對)한 암석학적(岩石學的) 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Yoon Kyu;Lee, Dai Sung
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
    • /
    • v.16 no.1
    • /
    • pp.19-36
    • /
    • 1983
  • The study revealed that the sequence of volcanism in Ulrung island can be classified into 5 stages, and the volcanic history is summerized as follow: 1st stage: Eruption of basaltic agglomerates, tuffs and lavas, 2nd stage: Eruption of trachytic and trachyandesitic agglomerates and tuffs, 3rd stage: Eruption of trachyte lavas and their lapilli tuffs, 4th stage: Eruption of trachyte lavas and nepheline phonolites, 5th stage: Eruption of pumice, trachytic ash and lapilli, and plutonic ejecta (fragments of alkali gabbro, monzonite and alkali feldspar syenite) and a subsequent caldera formation. Finally, a small scale eruption of leucite bearing trachyandesite lava in the caldera. Several evidences show that there have been long erosional intervals between the 1st and 2nd stages and between the 4th and 5th stages. A K-Ar age for trachybasalt lava of the 1st stage was determined to be 1.8 Ma, and a $C^{14}$ age, 9300Y. (Machida, 1981) is available for these volcanic events. Therefore, it is considered that volcanic activity of the island above sea level began at least in early Pleistocene, and continued to until 9300 years ago exploding large amount of pumice, prior to pouring out of leucite bearing trachyandesite from the inner caldera. Using solidification index (SI) of Kuno, microscopic texture and mineral composition as criteria of the classification, the volcanic rocks are classified into alkali basalt, trachybasalt, trachyandesite, trachyte and phonolite. These are mostly prophyritic in texture. Main constituent minerals of alkali basalt and trachybasalt are plagioclase, olivine, Ti-augite and magnetite. Principal minerals of trachyandesite are plagioclase, anorthoclase, clinopyroxenes, kaersutite, biotite and magnetite. Trachyte and phonolite consist mainly of anorthoclase, clinopyroxene and magnetite, showing typical trachytic texture in groundmass. In solidification index, alkali basalt ranges from 39 to 27, trachybasalt 17 to 14, trachyandesite 12 to 9 and trachyte 8.15 to 0.72. A trend of compositional variation showing a typical alkali volcanic rock series is revealed on $SiO_2$-oxides and SI-oxides diagrams. In $SiO_2$-total alkali diagram, alkali lime index and An-Ab'-Or diagram, the samples fall into the fields of potassic series of the alkali volcanic rock series, whereas in A-F-M diagram show a trend toward the alkali enrichment with a curve approaching toward the iron apex. In particular, trachybasalt lavas in this island have higher total iron contents which is comparable to alkali rocks in other areas, e. g. as Gough and Tristan volcanic islands located near the Mid-Oceanic ridge in South Atlantic Ocean.

  • PDF

A Study on the Misconceptions of High School Students on Magma and Plate Tectonics (마그마와 판구조론에 대한 고등학생들의 오개념)

  • Choi, Seong-Cheol;Ahn, Kun Sang
    • Journal of Science Education
    • /
    • v.32 no.2
    • /
    • pp.121-145
    • /
    • 2008
  • The purposes of this study were to identify the misconceptions that students have on the magma and plate tectonics and to present the implications in developing textbooks as well as related curriculum of high school textbooks. Data were collected through questionnaire, consisting of some questions, short essays, and descriptive drawings, developed by the research team. A total of 140 high school students(9th graders) responded to those questionnaires and were interviewed for further information. It was reported that participants displayed various misconceptions related to magma and plate tectonics. The identified misconceptions are as follows: For the definition of magma, the 31% of participants misunderstood magma as lava. In respect to the generative mechanism of magma at subduction zone, over 90% of students responded that it is generated by frictional heat. The source of misconceptions were identified as a result from textbooks and related reference-books. For the concept of plates, 87% of students conceived 'crust or a lower part of the plates' as 'plates'. Most participants hold the right concept of oceanic ridge, whereas, 66% of them considered 'rift valley' as either 'divergence of continental plates' or 'converging boundary'. 63% of them defined 'collision boundary of continental plate' as either 'subduction zone' or 'diverging boundary'. For the definitions of the trench and Benioff zone, 86% of students responded them as the place of subduction or differing density between two converging plates. The students' misconceptions were resulted from the errors and insufficient explanation, inappropriate figures, and data presented in textbooks, reference-books, lecture, and web sites. The results of this study are implied to contribute the improvement of students' misconceptions.

  • PDF

Research on Ginseng Production During the Past 20 years (인삼재배 분야의 과거 20년 연구)

  • Park, Hoon
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
    • /
    • v.20 no.4
    • /
    • pp.472-500
    • /
    • 1996
  • Researches on mineral nutrition, physiology and phyrsiological diseases, . cultivaction methods. brceding. pest control quality management and extension during 1976-1995 in Korea were reviewed Review in brceding and pest control was restricted to the researches directely related to cultivaction. Mineral nulrient up take. partion and varicos factors such as top dreasing. Light intersity etc. and interrelationship between minerals were investigated. Top dressing was not effective due to low minera1 requorement Physiological characteristics on tempelature light and water were well elucidated and applied to assess traditional cultivation method and its inovation. Photosyrnthetic pigments. light harvest proteins and activity of related enzymes were studied. In nitrogen metabolism arginine, praline, ammonium, threonine appeared to have important role in re growth of shoot Saponin metabolism was studied in relation to growth and new ginsenosides were found but physiological role of saponin was not clearly elucidated yet Endogenous growth regulators were reported and various erogenous growth regulators were studied for growth stimulation. short stem and seed pruning etc. Various physiological diseases were investigated for cause and control measures were established. Water culture was little studied Forest culture was studied but not retched the recommendable stage Drip irrigation straw mulching. seasonal shading and soil preparation method including soil fertility adjustment were established for practical application. Shading materials completely changed to polyethylene net and materials of polymers The research on ginseng cultivation in paddy field opened the way to establish the permanent ginseng cultivation plantation Ginseng harvester and seeder were developed in the late 1950s. Transplanted and many other machines were developed in the early 1990s. In ginseng breeding only pure line selection was of practical significance several verities were at the stage of seed propagation at ginseng plantations. Mutation breeding (${\gamma}$-ray. X-ray chemicals) was not successful. The research on plantlet formation through tissue culture was a little progressed but still far behind to vegetative propagation. Disease control research was concentrated in the isolation and identification of pathogans. their ecological charactelistics and biological control and soil humigation. Potato root rot nematodes was found and control method was established. Insect and small animal control research was greatly progresses in identification, ecological investigation, and ecological and physical control. Weed control was less important due to the development of mulching method of ridge and ditch. Quality factors of raw ginseng in relation to red ginseng process were extensively studied. Traditional quality measures were elucidated in accordance with modern analytical chemistry resulting in the importance of peptides in the centrat part rather than ginsenosides For large root production growth promoting rootzone micrcorganisms (PGPRM) were isolated and active compounds were identified. Field test on PGPRM was on going. Varictus methods formality improvement through cultivation were developed. Management research of ginseng production was rare Extension was active throuch official and private organizations and through workshop for the extension specialists, and direct lectures to grower's. Extension services made the researcher to understand the existing problems at grower's fields. Research environment for ginseng production was in prime time only for three years when Korea Ginseng Research Institute was established then gradually aggravated.

  • PDF