• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 1998

This experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of fertilizer for herbicides phytotoxicity of rice(Oryza sativa L. japonica cv Dongjin). The shoot and root growth of rice were inhibited more by pyrazosulfuron-ethyl or pyrazosulfuronethyl+molinate than bensulfuron methyl or bensulfuron methyl+dimepiperate application in nitrogen or nitrogen mixed solution. In phosphate or phosphate mixed solution, rice growth were inhibited more by bensulfuron methyl or bensulfuron methyl+dimepiperate than pyrazosulfuron-ethyl or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+molinate application. In solution mixed with nitrogen and phosphate or fertilizer three elements, rice shoots were more. inhibited by pyrazosulfuron-ethyl or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+molinate treatments, roots were inhibited more relatively by bensulfuron methyl or bensulfuron methyl+dimepiperate treatments. In all fertilizer solutions, rice plant heights were reduced by dimepiperate and molinate applications, but root growth was reduced only by nitrogen and phosphate mixed solution. Rice growth in sulfonylurea or their mixed herbicide application were more inhibited in high :nitrogen concentration arid by phosphate exclusion than by nitrogen exclusion culture.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 1993

Plant regeneration was accomplished from protoplast culture of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Taebaeg). Embryogenic callus was induced from mature seed on MS medium containing 5 mM proline, 2.5 mg/L 2,4-D, 30 g/L sucrose in the dark at 28$^{\circ}C$ and used to establish embryogenic cell suspension culture. Suspension cells were subcultured every one week in N6 medium supplemented with 5 mM proline, 200 mg/L casein hydrolysate, 2.5 mg/L 2,4-D and amino acids of AA medium. Suspension cultures were composed of cells that were densely cytoplasmic, potentially embryogenic and were at least maintained for more than 6 months in liquid medium. Protoplasts were isolated from fast-growing suspension culture cells and cultured in a slightly modified KpR medium by mixed nurse culture. Isolated protoplasts began to divide within 5~7 days and thereafter, protoplast-derived calli were sequentially transferred to callus proliferating medium that soft agar MS medium contained 2 mg/L 2,4-D and produced distinct embryogenic cells. Microcolonies were then transferred to solid medium which consisted of MS medium containing 5 mg/L kinetin, 1 mg/L NAA, 1 mg/L ABA, 30 g/L sucrose and 10 g/L sorbitol under fluorescent light. Mulitple shoots of 4~5 per callus emerged and were transferred to hormone-free MS medium for root initiation. Thereafter, The plantlets were transferred to pots of soil to mature in the culture room.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.143-152
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• 2008

Mixed-planting of two rice cultivars, HP ('Hopyeongbyeo') and NP ('Nampyeongbyeo'), having a dissimilar susceptibility to rice blast was practiced for chemical-free control of rice blast in the field. The HP/NP combination was selected for applying under mechanized agricultural conditions. Because they have similar genetic characteristics such as seed germination and heading time, culm length, rice quality and size of rice grains except susceptibility to blast. Incidence of panicle blast was reduced 50.4 % compare with supposed blast incidence by HP/NP mixed-planting when the seeds of two cultivars were combined 1 to 1 as weight. Supposed blast incidence was estimated from reduction of rice blast caused by addition of a resistant cultivar NP. Race diversity of Magnaporthe oryzae was examined for correlation with control effect of HP/NP mixed-planting on rice blast. The population of dominant race KJ-101 was diminished and replaced with various co-existing races and eleven new races were appeared in mixed-planting plot. Total number of race isolated from mixed-planting plot was not largely different from mono-culture. However, detection frequency of the new race was increased and variation of the population size of each race was decreased in mixed-planting plots. It was shown that a biased community with a dominant race (KJ-101 or KI-181) was altered to a balanced one of coexisting races. From these results, it was supposed that the balanced diversity among co-existing races within a community might be correlated to control effect by HP/NP mixed-planting on rice blast. Further more, it should be studied that genetic characteristics of the individual race including a virulence on cv. HP and NP was examined for verifying a correlation of mixed-planting effect and race diversity.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 1989

In the characteristics of intra-specific competition according to bulrush density, the intra-specific competition in plant height began at 5 and 15% per pot in mixed culture and bulrush monoculture, respectively. The intra-specific competition in the shoot began at 5 plants per pot in both mixed culture and bulrush monoculture. The competition in dry matter weight began at 15 plants per pot in monoculture, and at 10 plants in mixed culture. On the rice density, the plant height, and numbers of shoot and dry matter weight in rice were rapidly increased up to 2.6, and 2.5 plants per pot, respectively, And then the increments were slow, The critical intra-specific competition of bulrush with rice was 2.5 to 3 plants per pot in their traits of rice, and especially the number of shoots and dry matter weights per pot showed significant decrements. In the different transplanting time in rice, the plant heights in both rice and bulrush elongated longer in mixed culture than in monoculture. The plant height of bulrush became shorter but the height of rice longer with late transplanting. The ratio of shoot number in rice to the number in bulrush was about 1 : 3 in all plots, and shoot numbers became less by late transplanting. The dry matter weight in both species were decreased by late transplanting, and the decrements were more prominent in bulrush than in rice.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.666-673
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• 1988

The enhancement of the growth of lactic bateria in rice-based beverage was achieved by the prefermentation of cereals with a mixed culture of Bacillus and yeast followed by extrusion cooking. The rice-soybean milk blend was inoculated with a mixed culture of Bacillus laevolactis and Saccaromyces cerevisiae, and fermented in solid state at $45^{\circ}C$. It was extruded in an autogenous single screw extruder for sterilization as well as for partial digestion, and subjected to lactic fermentation in liquid state. The combined prefermentation and extrusion cooking increased the content of water soluble solid. It stimulated the growth of lactic bacteria as well as the acid production and increased dispersion stability and sensory acceptability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.193-205
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• 1990

It is not known that when and by whom 'The Lee's UmsikBup' was written. This cookbook is written purely in Korean and has not been published yet. There is another book named 'UmsikBup' in the cookbooks of the Chosun Dynasty and there are many books with similar names. So this book is tentatively named 'The Lee's UmsikBup'. This book comprises fifty three items, among which there are fifteen items of rice alcoholics, three items of Gook-Su (noodles), sixteen items of side dishes, seventeen items of Tuck (rice cakes) and Guaja(kookies), and two items of fruit punch and tea. Three items were illegible because the lines were erased or the letters were not clear. The cereals needed for making rice alcoholics were sixty four percent regular rice and thirty six percent sticky rice. As for the processes, the process using Jee-ae-bop took up fifty five percent. As for side dishes, pheasants, which are seldom used for food these days, were then popular for food. And the entrails of domestic animals were much used for food. Seeing that red pepper paste mixed with vinegar was used for steamed breams (Jim) and that red pepper was used for Yeolgooja Tang, we can estimate that this book was written after red pepper was introduced. Inferring that Chohong Chang (red pepper paste mixed with vinegar and honey) is found Jinchan Ye Que, we can estimate this book was written in the late 1800's. The cereals used for making rice cakes were ninety two percent sticky rice and eight percent regular rice. Sticky rice was much more used and pepper was used for making Tuck (rice cakes) as Hun Chal Byung, So Ham Byung and Dootum Tuck. The analysis of the terms used in this book revealed that 117 items were used for cooking processes. And it also showed us that there were six kinds of cutting and thirteen kinds of heating procedure. The shapes and sizes of foods were revealed on the basis of real things. The measuring units are hard to revive since the measurements were taken by the container then in use. Thirty four kinds of containers and cookers, twenty more of which are now in use, were used for preparing foods. The use of ‘twigs stretched for the east’ had no scientific base but said something of Korean folkways at that time.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.544-547
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• 1999

The object of this study was to determine the influence of monensin and virginiamycin (VM) on in vitro ruminal fermentation of rice straw or ammoniated rice straw. Rumen fluid was collected from 4 wethers fed 200 g of concentrate supplement with 400 g of untreated (U) or ammoniated (A) rice straw once daily for 28 days. Mixed ruminal microorganisms were incubated in anaerobic media that contained 20% (vol/vol) ruminal fluid and 0.3 g of either U or A rice straw. Monensin and/or VM, dissolved in ethanol, were added in centrifuge tubes at final concentrations of 0, 15, 30, 15+15 and 30+30 ppm of culture fluid. The addition of monensin and VM combination to A rice straw fermentation decreased (p<0.05) the acetate to propionate ratio, total VFA and lactate production, but increased (p<0.05) pH. Total gas production tended to be decreased by the addition of monensin plus VM. Antimicrobial agents decreased $NH_3$ N concentration and dry matter digestibility.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 1989

The plant height, shoot numbers and dry matter weight in both bulrush and rice were increased by high level of nitrogen fertilizer and especially the dry matter weights in both species were sharply increased by high level of nitrogen fertilizer. The plant height, dry matter weight in rice, and shoot, and dry matter weight in bulrush were increased by high level of phosphorus fertilizer. The deficient symptom disappeared with change of low level into high level phosphorus in rice. The plant height, dry matter weight and shoot numbers in rice and bulrush were increased by high level of potassium fertilizer. In the inter-specific competition in bulrush according to various water levels, the plant heights in both species elongated longer with deep water levels, and the plant height and dry matter weight in bulrush were more sharply decreased than in rice by deep water levels. The shoot numbers and dry matter weight were critically dropped above 6-8 cm water level. In case of the shoot numbers for light source, in both species were more decreased in mixed culture than each monoculture. The exserted shoot length and weight in bulrush were larger than those in rice. The shaded shoot dry weight was more decreased in mixed culture than in each monoculture, and the decrement was larger in bulrush than in rice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-41
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• 1990

To analyze dialy meal of royal meal, studied Bankwa Sang(Fruit Table) were on record Wonheng Ulmyo Jungri Euigwae (1795). Historic book 'Jungri Euigwae' described the king's visit to his father's royal tomb 'Hyun Neung Won', during the domain of Cheung Jo, the 22nd king of Choson Dynasty. The results obtained from this study areas follows. The fruit table, which similar in concept to desert in the west but quite different in service, was prepared for a guest. The table consisted of two kinds of trays, on which serveral kinds of fruit were stacked to a height of between 4 chon (4寸 : about 12 cm) and 1 chuk(1尺 : about 30.3 cm) according to Korean measurement system. The table was decorated with beautiful artificial flowers made of paper and silk. The number of sets to be arranged on the table were different according to the royal status of the eater: 12 sets-25 sets for king's mother, 7 sets-11 sets for the king. Soy sauce mixed with vinegar and pine-nu meal, mustard were ruled out from kind of sets. Kinds of dishes served with a meal generally were noodles (麵), soup (湯), fried fish (煎油花), fried meats and vegetables (花陽灸), slices of raw fish (魚膾), minced raw meat (肉膾), slices of boiled beef (片肉), stew (蒸), rice cake (餠), sweet rice dish (藥飯), patterned savory cake (茶食), fried cake made of wheat flour, honey and oil (藥果), fried glutinous rice cake (强精), various fruits preserved in honey (正果), sugar candies (各色糖), fruits (果物) honey (淸), soy sauce mixed with vinegar and pine-nut meal (醋醬), mustard (莽子).

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.298-303
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• 1995

The biological control effect of Trichoderma harzianum on the Fusarium wilt of strawberry and several factors affecting on its efficacy were examined through pot experiments. T. harzianum grown on wheat barn, rice straw, rice hull, sawdust or barley straw was respectively incorporated into the pathogen-infected soil, and significantly suppressed the strawberry wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae. The wheat bran or rice straw culture of T. harzianum suppressed the disease incidence more effectively than other substrates for culture, decreasing it to 68% of the untreated control. The conidial suspension of T. harzianum alone or the suspension mixed with crab shell also effectively reduced the disease incidence. The control effectiveness of T. harzianum was high in acid soil (pH 3.5~5.5). In sandy loam soil, the disease incidences and population densities of the pathogen were decreased by the treatment of T. harzianum, while there was no significant effect of T. harzianum on the pathogen in loam soil.