• 미생물학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 1981

Protein content of cellulosic wastes, such as spent grain, hop bark, spent rye, rice straw, rice hull, saw dust and used newspaper, was increased by a mixed culture of C. utilis wastes having 66-75% moisture. Among the fungal strains tested. A.phoenicis KU175 was the most powerful to increase the protein content of A. phoenicis during the mixed culture with C. utilis in the CMC medium reached at the peak for one day culture after inoculation of the both strains at the same time, while it reached at peark from the beginning of the mixed culture, when A. phoenicis was inocultated for 12-24hours prior to the inoculation of C.utilis. To increase the protein content of the cellulosic wastes by the mixed culture of C.utilis and A.phoenicis, the inoculation of both strains at the same time was more effective than the preinoculation of A. phoenicis for 6-24 hours. Content of crude cellulose in the used newspaper, saw dust and spent grain was high relatively, and the lignin content of spent grain, spent rye, and rice strew was reduced more than half by the treatment of 2% NaOH. However, effect of alkali treatment of increase the protein content of the cellulosic wastes was not prominent in the case of mixed culture. Protein content of the cellulosic wastes was increased prominently by the mixed culture of C.utilis and A.phoenicis in semi-solid substrate, compared with the single culture of C. utilis, although the latter increased the protein content of cellulosic wastes considerably. The effect of mixed culture of C. utilis and A. phoenicis increased 4-fold the protein content of spent grain, and more than doubled crude protein in hop bark and rice straw.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.376-383
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• 1996

이제까지 보고된 앙소시대 농업유적을 검토하여 앙소시대 농업의 발전을 주로 도속혼작 농업의 분포로 파악하고 도속혼작구의 북한계선을 연장하여 도속의 동북전파를 고찰하였다. 앙소시대문화 유적을 가지고 도작농업구, 속작 농업구 그리고 도속혼작 농업구의 구분을 시도하였다. 도혼작 농업구의 도률유적을 검토하고 앙소시대 중의 도속혼작구의 변천을 검토하여 그 북한계선이 남북으로 이동했음을 고찰하였다 앙소시대 장강유역 및 황회지구에서의 고고 발굴물을 가지고 도작에 영향하였을 것으로 생각되는 기후 · 환경을 고찰하였다. 도속혼작구 북한계선의 남북이동을 가지고 도작의 동북향 전파 특히 한국 한강유역으로의 전파를 추측하였다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.661-669
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the consumption and perception on the effect of cooked rice mixed with multi-grain (CR-MG). Reason for like and dislike, intake frequency and variables related with the satisfaction of CR-MG were also investigated. The data for the analysis was collected from 315 adults who were residing at Seoul${\cdot}$Kyeonggi and Kangwon area and analyzed by the SPSS 11.0 program. The result showed that 84.8% of the respondents consumed CR-MG, showing significant difference by gender and occupation (p<0.05). It also revealed that they consumed it knowing their effect, showing significant difference by all general characteristics except for resident area and BMI, respectively. Kind of multi-grain (MG) mixed with cooked rice was high in the order of SoRiTae (80.1%) > brown rice (73.4%) > black rice (72.7%) > waxy rice (61.0%), respectively. As for the mixing type of MG, 61.4% of the respondents preferred non-mixed product rather than pre-mixed product. 2 or 3 kinds were preferred numbers of MG mixed with rice, showing significant difference by age (p<0.001) and marital status(p<0.05), respectively. 59.9% of the respondents answered 'high nutritive value more than polished rice' as the major reason for like, whereas 31.3% answered 'greatly rough more than polished rice' as that for dislike, respectively. By the use of multiple regression analysis, it revealed that health was the most significant variable which affect the satisfaction of CR-MG. From these results, it was suggested that in view of the high consumption and intention to continue the intake of CR-MG, following studies should be conducted to improve the preference of CR-MG.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.629-638
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• 2014

This study describes an alternative mixed culture fermentation technology to anaerobically convert lignocellulosic biomass into butyric acid, a valuable product with wide application, without supplementary cellulolytic enzymes. Rice straw was soaked in 1% NaOH solution to increase digestibility. Among the tested pretreatment conditions, soaking rice straw at $50^{\circ}C$ for 72 h removed ~66% of the lignin, but retained ~84% of the cellulose and ~71% of the hemicellulose. By using an undefined cellulose-degrading butyrate-producing microbial community as butyric acid producer in batch fermentation, about 6 g/l of butyric acid was produced from the pretreated rice straw, which accounted for ~76% of the total volatile fatty acids. In the repeated-batch operation, the butyric acid production declined batch by batch, which was most possibly caused by the shift of microbial community structure monitored by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. In this study, batch operation was observed to be more suitable for butyric acid production.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.696-699
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• 1990

쌀을 기질로 하여 고오지 곰팡이와 Saccharomyces cerevisiae를 함께 동시 접종하여 혼합 배양에 의한 동시 당화발효를 시도하였다. Aspergillus awamori, A. kawachii, A. niger, A. oryzae 및 A. shirousamii를 각각 S. cerevisiae와 혼합배양하였을 때 A. shirousamii와의 혼합배양에서 가장 높은 주정생산량을 보였다. 이 때의 가수량은 쌀 50g에 대하여 150ml 이었다. 곰팡이와 효모는 각각 $5{\times}10^2\;conidia/ml$ 및 $5{\times}10^6\;cells/ml$로 접종한 경우에, 용적에 대한 표면적의 비는 0.1에서 그리고 초기 pH6.5 및 $30^{\circ}C$의 배양조건에서 10일 동안 발효시 최고 12.9%의 주정이 생산되었다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2014

Black liquor (BL) is a by-product of rice straw pulping process. It is a low costs raw material for production value-adding proteins and enzymes, which has been paid more and more attention to reduce its environmental pollution. Mixed cultures of micelial fungi, Trichoderma reesei Northern Regional Research Laboratory (NRRL)11236, Trichoderma reesei NRRL 6165 and Aspergillus niger strains NRC 5A, NRC 7A, and NRC 9A were evaluated for their ability to produce xylanase using crude hemicellulose (CHC) prepared from BL and peat moss as an inert support under solid state fermentation (SSF). The most potent strains, A. niger NRC 9A (818.26 U/g CHC) and T. reesei NRRL 6165 ($100.9{\pm}57.14$ U/g CHC), were used in a mixed culture to enhance xylanase production by co-culturing under SSF. In the mixed culture, xylanase production ($1070.52{\pm}12.57$ U/g CHC) was nearly1.3 and 10.6-fold increases over the activities attained in their monocultures, A. niger NRC 9A and T. reesei NRRL 6165, respectively. Optimization of the culture parameters of the mixed culture SSF process, concentration of ammonium sulfate and corn steep liquor, CHC/peat moss ratio, inoculum size and ratios of the two strains, initial pH value, initial moisture content and incubation time, exhibited a significant increase ($2414.98{\pm}84.02$ U/g CHC) in xylanase production than before optimization.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.487-492
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• 1999

One of effective utilization method of rice husk is to utilize it as culture material by carbonizing the rice husk. As a second part of a series to investigate the effective and continuous production of carbonized rice husk by a cyclone combustor, a non-slagging vertical cyclone combustor without vortex collector pocket was introduced. Isothermal and mixed firing with LPG and rice husk were undertaken in order to characterize the system. Inert rice husk was used during the isothermal test to find mass of rice husk collected. It was impossible to ignite rice husk itself over the experimental conditions considered in this experiment. Cyclone combustor was operated at temperatures of 1,273~1,473K. Detailed combustion data were obtained from a pilot unit with the air flow rate of 70m$^3$/h and rice husk feed of 2kg. The equivalence ratio ranged from 0.66 to 3.48. The auxiliary gas flow rate was varied from 3.22 to 12.86$\ell$/min. The weight reduction, pH and particle size distribution of carbonized rice husk were measured to evaluate the quality of carbonized rice husk. An analysis of exhaust gas emission was conducted to characterize the combustor. The required carbonized rice husk could be obtained at equivalence ratio of 1.68~2.17, combustor temperature of 1,273~1,373K and auxiliary gas flow rate of 3.22~6.43$\ell$/min. A method to reduce CO emissions should be employed.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.44-44
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• 2017

Recently, the occurrences of extreme flooding and drought, often in the same areas, have increased due to climate change. We tested the hypothesis that wetland species could help upland species under flood conditions; that is, the roots of wetland crops may supply $O_2$ to the roots of upland crops by a series of experiments conducted in both humid Japan and semi-arid Namibia (See Iijima et al, 2016 and Awala et al, 2016). Firstly, flooding tolerance of upland-adapted staple crops-pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) mix-cropped with rice (Oryza spp.) was investigated in glasshouse and laboratory experiments in Japan. We found a phenomenon that strengthens the flood tolerance of upland crops when two species-one wetland and one drought tolerant-were grown using the mixed cropping technique that results in close tangling of their root systems, hereinafter referred to "close mixed-planting". This technique improved the photosynthetic and transpiration rates of the upland crops subjected to flood stress ($O_2$-deficient nutrient culture). Oxygen transfer was suggested between the two plants mix-cultured in water, implying its contribution to the phenomenon that improved the physiological status of upland crops under the simulated flood stress. Secondly, we further tested whether this phenomenon would be expressed under field flood conditions. The effects of close mixed-planting of pearl millet and sorghum with rice on their survival, growth and grain yields were evaluated under controlled field flooding in semi-arid Namibia during 2014/2015-2015/2016. Single-stand and mixed plant treatments were subjected to 11-22 day flood stress at the vegetative growth stage. Close Mixed-planting increased seedling survival rates in both pearl millet and sorghum. Grain yields of pearl millet and sorghum were reduced by flooding, in both the single-stand and mixed plant treatments, relative to the non-flooded upland yields, but the reduction was lower in the mixed plant treatments. In contrast, flooding increased rice yields. Both pearl millet-rice and sorghum-rice mixtures demonstrated higher land equivalent ratios, indicating a mixed planting advantage under flood conditions. These results indicate that mix-planting pearl millet or sorghum with rice could alleviate flood stress on dryland cereals. The results also suggest that with this cropping technique, rice could compensate for the dryland cereal yield losses due to field flooding. Mixed cropping of wet and dryland crops is a new concept to overcome flood stress under variable environmental conditions.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2005

This study investigated the feasibility of the bread making process with the mixture of the functional rice flour. The bread was manufactured with 20, 30 or 40% functional rice flour with increasing and wheat flour. Gelatinization characteristics of the rice starch was examined by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Coated with soluble dietary fiber rice showed the highest gelatinization enthalphy among functional rices and other functional rices were similar to normal rice. in the viscosity point of view. generally the viscosity related to the addition ratio. The most viscose case was 30% Sangwhang rice but in fermented with monascus ruber rice case, viscosity was low even with 40% case because of the transformation of the starch granules. In sensory evaluation, the highest sensory scores for the uniformity of pore size and flavor were obtained when sangwhang rice flour content was 20%. The textual study was mainly focused on the hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, springiness, chewiness. Textural characteristics of functional rice bread crumb bakedwith 20% coated with soluble dietary fiber rice, 20% sangwhang was low in hardness, chewiness and gumminess. Therefore, Sangwhang rice flour 20%, Monascous ruber 20% and Coated soluble dietary fiber rice 20% were considered to be the most suitable addition ratio for the rice breads.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.686-690
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• 1989

현재까지 젖산 발효 음료는 우유나 혹은 그 관련 제품을 이용하여 제조하였으나 쌀을 액화 혹은 당화시켜 젖산균을 증식시키므로서 기호성 있는 젖산 발효제품 생산 가능성을 확인하였다. 멥쌀을 12시간 침지 후 총 흡수량이 무게비율로 쌀:물이 1:1이 되게 하여 $121^{\circ}C$에서 20분 살균 후 액화 효소인 ${\alpha}-amylase$를 작용시켜 액화한 후 이 액에 Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus plantarum를 단독으로 혹은 혼합하여 접종한 후 배양하여 쌀을 이용한 젖산 발효 제품을 얻었다. 제품의 관능검사 결과 최적 pH는 3.7 부근으로 발효시작 후 18시간이 소요되었으며 젖산균은 세 균주를 혼합하는 것이 가장 좋았으나, L. plantarum과 가장 관계가 깊었다. Skim milk는 젖산 발효를 촉진하나 제품의 관능검사 결과 열등하였고 호상보다는 액상(쌀1 : 물3) 제품이 우수하였다.