• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.801-810
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to assess Korea's traditional ritual food culture, and to compare two types of ancestral rites the Hyang-Sa and Bool-cheon-wi rites which were held in the Daegu and Andong regions of Korea. In this study, we describe the performance of the Bool-cheon-wi rites held by two head families located near the Andong area namely, the head family of Seoae Ryu Seong-Ryong(1542-1607)(Seoae) who was well-respected for his writings and personality, and the head family of Dangye Ha Wee-Ji(1412-1456)(Dangye) who was well-known and famous as one of the members of the Sa-ryuk-sin. This research was conducted via diredt engagement in these memorial services and several interviews with the families. The results were summarized as follows; Foods used in the Hyang-sa rites including Mae(bap), Kook, Jaban(Jogee), Po(dried fish), Juck, boiled and seasoned vegetables, fruits, confections, and liquor. Jobap and Ssalbap were used as Mae at SD(Seo Dalsung), and PMPH(Pahoi Myogul Habin Park) used Jo, Hyunmy, Pi and Susu in the raw. The dishes on the table were arranged as follows. A wine cup was placed in the first row, Po(a dried pollack), and jujube and nuts in the second row, Ryukpo(slices of dried beef), Sangeogogi were set at the third row, and Soegogi, pork, Mu, and Minary were placed in the fourth row, and the head of the pig was placed in the center of the table at SD. A wine cup, Soegogi, and pork were positioned in the first row, Mu, Minary, Pi and Susu were placed in the second row, and Jogee, Jo, and Hyunmy were placed in the third row at PMPH. The sacrificial foods offered for Bool-cheon-wi rites were as follows; Mae(bap) Kook noodle Jogee Tang(stew) Po Juck Tucks boiled, seasoned and salted vegetables Jeon fruit confectioneries liquor(chungju). The head family of Seoae Yu Seong-Ryong utilized 5 types of Tang(meat stew, fish stew, chicken stew, vegetable stew, seafood stew), whereas the head family of Dangye Ha Wee-Ji utilized 3 kinds of Tang(meat stew, fish stew, vegetable stew). As a basic Tuck, Shi-roo-tuck(a steamed rice cake), piled up to 25 layers, was primarily utilized. In particular, Jung-Gae(Seoae's favorite food) was placed on the table. For grilled-meat food(Juck), Yu's family used raw meat and Ha's family the half-cooked meat. The main types of Jucks used were meat-Juck, fish-Juck, chicken-Juck, and these were not served one by one. Hyang-sa and Bool-cheon-wi rites have an the educational function, in that they allow for the carrying out of filial duties by a heartfelt performance of performing the ceremony, by taking great care from the pre-rite preparations to the post-rite period. In addition, these rites have various meanings, as events that strengthen the ties of blood relations of ancestors and themselves, and to promote and harmonize family friendships, they may also have religious meaning in the culture, as prayers are offered that all the family's descendants may be blessed, live long and enjoy abundance whlie respecting their ancestors. As for the role of Hyang-sa and Bool-cheon-wi rites in today's nuclear family society, it can be said that these rites remain especially important as a method to strengthen community consciousness by fostering an understanding of the meaning of existence itself, and thus inspiring the roots of consciousness.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.192-199
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the artificial cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii on the optimal medium vessel, periods of cultivation and the optimal method of pinheading for both yield and quality of fruiting body were also performed. The optimal composition of sawdust medium in polypropylene(PP) bottle was combination of sawdust(70%) and corncob(30%) but increased amount of corncob delayed the period of mycelial growth. The mycelial growth and the yield of fruiting body in the medium with beat pulp were worse than that without beat pulp. The optimal composition of nutrients for both yield and quality of fruit body tuned out to be a combination of rice bran(12%), wheat bran(12%) and cottonseed cake(6%). Additions of zeolite, shell lime and bean curd dregs were not effective in mycelial growth and yield of fruit body. When testing size of PP bottle for cultivation, the larger of bottle mouth is, the more pinheading number found, but the number of available fruit body is not significantly different. The culture in $1100\;ml-{\phi}75\;mm$ bottle is the best in the yield and quality of fruit body than those in $555\;ml-{\phi}50\;mm,\;850\;ml-{\phi}58\;mm,\;850\;ml-{\phi}65\;mm\;and\;1100\;ml-{\phi}65\;mm$ bottle. Using the PP bag for cultivation, a square shaped bag was better than a round shaped and black square shaped in mycelial growth and yield of fruit body. The most suitable period of incubation was 35 days after inoculation at $22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. When the incubation periods was decreased less than 35 days, the pileus formation and yields were very bad but a pinheading condition looked similar, For an optimal pinheading, turning upside down was better than standing and covering.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1562-1570
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to develop fertilizer which promotes plant growth as well as suppressing pathogenic fungi. The fertilizer was made from the mixture of Ju-Back (Korean rice wine cake) and indigenous rhizosphere-bacterium. The main ingredients of Ju-Back were investigated as 6.04% total nitrogen, 42.59% total carbohydrate, 1.01% available phosphate, 73.42% organic matter, 7.72% potassium oxide, 1.35% calcium oxide, 0.53% magnesium oxide. The enzyme activities of Ju-Back were estimated to be 980 units/g for ${\alpha}-amylase$, 300 units/g for glucoamylase, and 1800 units/g for acid pretense. Indigenous rhizosphere bacteria which produced antifungal agent were isolated from soil, and was selected KMU-13 strain which can antagonize against various plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea KACC 40573, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum KACC 41065, Fusairum oxysporum KACC 40052, Pythium aphanidermatum KACC 40156, Phytophthora capsici KACC 40476 and Glomerella cingulata KACC 40299). KMU-13 strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis KMU-13 by biochemical and 16s rDNA analysis. The organic fertilizer was made as prototype which was composed 20% Ju-Back, 70% carrier, 9.7% microorganism cultivated solution, 0.3% trace-element. We also investigated an application of fertilizer using Ju-Back for cultivating lettuce (Lactuca sativar) which were grown in three soil conditions that had chemical fertilizer, barnyard manure, lime power, urea, potassium chloride and superphosphate as a control, the whole quantity (80 kg/10a) of posted fertilizer with the control and the half quantity (40 kg/10a) with the control. The growth characteristics were examined and analysed with several weeks interval from 3 weeks to 8 weeks on head length (cm), head width (cm/head), number of leaf and fresh weight (g/plant). The results are summarized as follows. The head width and fresh weight of lettuce were the highest at posted fertilizer 1 (whole quantity) was applied chemical, organic matter (Ju-Back) and carrier. The head length was the highest at posted fertilizer 2 (whole quantity) was applied Ju-Back only.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the liquefying efficiency of mixed organic fertilizer in different conditions. The organic fertilizer was composed of sesame oil cake, rice bran, fish meal, ground bone meal etc, and made by fermenting process. It included $23g\;kg^{-1}$, $17.0g\;kg^{-1}$, $23.9g\;kg^{-1}$, $290g\;kg^{-1}$ of N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, organic matter, respectively. In one test, the mixed organic fertilizer was added in the proportion of 10% to water 90% and aerated continuously, for 2, 8 hours per day, and not aerated as control. In the other test, ratios of organic fertilizer to water were 5%, 10%, 20% and aerated for 2 hours a day. With the increase of liquefying time, pH, EC and $NH_4-N$ increased without relation to aeration time. After 10 days, liquid organic fertilizer aerated for 2 hours a day contained $634mg\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $68.1mg\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$, $453mg\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$, which was not significantly different from 8 hours a day or continuous aeration. Then extraction ratios of inorganic contents were 27.6%, 4.0% and 18.9%, respectively. Continuous aeration resulted in increasing the viable number of aerobic bacteria, spore forming bacteria and fungi in liquefied solution. Higher ratio of organic fertilizer to water increased EC, $NH_4-N$ and other inorganic matter contents, but decreased extraction ratio of nutrients in liquid fertilizer. The liquid organic fertilizer of 20% contained $1,140mg\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $35.4mg\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$, $544mg\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$ after 10 days. Then extraction ratios were 24.8%, 2.4% and 13.6%, respectively. The ratio of organic fertilizer to water was positively correlated with only spore forming bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. among microorganisms.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.6-16
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• 2019

Purpose: Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Pine needles (Pinus densiflora seib et Zucc) are a traditional medicine used to treat dyslipidemia in clinical settings. This study examined the potential effects of sulgidduk, a Korean traditional rice cake containing pine needle juice to protect against dyslipidemia induced by a high-fat/sugidduk diet in a rat model. Methods: Twenty one male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three groups: normal control (NC), Sulgidduk diet (SD), Sulgidduk diet containing pine needle juice (PSD). The blood lipid levels, production of lipid peroxide in the plasma and liver, total cholesterol and triglyceride in the liver and feces, antioxidant enzyme activities in plasma and erythrocytes were measured to assess the effects of PSD on dyslipidemia. Results: A high-fat/Sulgidduk diet induced dyslipidemia, which was characterized by significantly altered lipid profiles in the plasma and liver. The food intake was similar in the three groups, but weight gain and food efficiency ratio (FER) were reduced significantly in the PSD group compared to those in the SD group. The level of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and TBARS in the plasma showed tendencies to decrease in the PSD group compared to those in the SD group. The levels of high-fat/Sulgidduk diet-induced sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) gene expression were reduced significantly in the PSD group. The supplementation of PSD reduced the hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels significantly, and enhanced the fecal excretion of triglyceride and hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities compared to the SD group. Conclusion: These results suggest that the addition of 0.4% pine needle juice to Sulgidduk may be an alternative snack to control dyslipidemia.