• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.125-137
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• 2011

Objectives : The Primo system is a hypothesis on the new circulation system. It orginates from Bonghan theory. Bonghan theory is about the anatomical substance of acupuncture point and meridian system. It has been regarded as a misunderstanding of the lymphatic system or as a made-up story for the past 40 years. Since 2002, many studies have been published either to support the theory or to refute the old viewpoint. But there are still difficulties about the proper sampling. The purpose of this study is to find out the discriminative criteria of Organ Surface Primo sytem by reviewing the Kim Bonghan's publications. Methods : Abstract of description about the Organ Surface Primo system in 5 publications of Kim Bonghan are weighted by the reverse order of publication. Results and Conclusions : 6 characters of anatomical structure and 11 characters of histological structure are founded as repeated descriptions. We hope that this summarized characteristics would be a good guide to Primo system experiments.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.12
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• pp.481-486
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• 2012

Purpose: Precocious puberty is defined as breast development before the age of 8 years in girls. The present study aimed to reveal the diagnosis of Korean girls referred for precocious puberty and to compare the constitutional and endocrinological features among diagnosis groups. Methods: The present study used a retrospective chart review of 988 Korean girls who had visited a pediatric endocrinology clinic from 2006 to 2010 for the evaluation of precocious puberty. Study groups comprised fast puberty, true precocious puberty (PP), pseudo PP, premature thelarche, and control. We determined the height standard deviation score (HSDS), weight standard deviation score (WSDS), and body mass index standard deviation score (BMISDS) of each group using the published 2007 Korean growth charts. Hormone tests were performed at our outpatient clinic. Results: The PP groups comprised fast puberty (67%), premature thelarche (17%), true PP (15%), and pseudo PP (1%). Advanced bone age and levels of estradiol, basal luteinizing hormone (LH), and peak LH after gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation testing were significantly high in the fast puberty and true PP groups compared with the control group. HSDS, WSDS, and BMISDS were significantly higher in the true PP group than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The frequent causes of PP were found to be fast puberty, true PP, and premature thelarche. Furthermore, BMISDS were significantly elevated in the true PP group. Therefore, we emphasize the need for regular follow-up of girls who are heavier or taller than others in the same age group.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.2-12
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• 2017

The aim of this narrative review is to describe treatment options for the posterior regions of the mandible and the maxilla, comparing short implants vs. longer implants in an augmented bone. The dental literature was screened for treatment options enabling the placement of dental implants in posterior sites with a reduced vertical bone height in the maxilla and the mandible. Short dental implants have been increasingly used recently, providing a number of advantages including reduced patient morbidity, shorter treatment time, and lower costs. In the posterior maxilla, sinus elevation procedures were for long considered to be the gold standard using various bone substitute materials and rendering high implant survival rates. More recently, implants were even placed without any further use of bone substitute materials, but the long-term outcomes have yet to be documented. Vertical bone augmentation procedures in the mandible require a relatively high level of surgical skill and allow the placement of standard-length dental implants by the use of autogenous bone blocks. Both treatment options, short dental implants, and standard-length implants in combination with vertical bone augmentation procedures, appear to result in predictable outcomes in terms of implant survival rates. According to recent clinical studies comparing the therapeutic options of short implants vs. long implants in augmented bone, the use of short dental implants leads to a number of advantages for the patients and the clinician.

• Clean Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.87-98
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• 2007

As the interest in environmental problems increased, the guideline of effluent qualities becomes strict and the amount of sludge produced from the wastewater treatment facilities steeply increased. The revised Korean acts prohibit the direct reclamation of the sludge exhausted in sewage treatment works from 2003, and the ocean dump of sludge will be also prohibited from 2012. Therefore, the sludge must be recycled, incinerated or composted. To properly perform the utilization and disposal operations, the establishment of well-defined procedures for the characterization of sludge by physical, chemical and biological method and setting up of guidelines for different treatment and disposal routes has become necessary. However, there have not been such standardized methods for sludge characterization in Korea. This review analyzes the present status of establishment and problems of sludge characterization method of Korea. Finally, it was proposed total 15 items of standardized characterization methods suitable to our country for proper sludge recycling and disposal, which was based on the more systematic standard methods of Germany (DIN 38414) and those of advanced nations.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.345-356
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• 2013

Purpose: To provide clear estimates of the adoption and use of electronic nursing records (ENRs) with standard terminology in Korea and identification of the scope and use as well as perceived or potential benefits of ENRs. Methods: A survey was done of 733 hospitals at three levels: tertiary advanced hospitals, general hospitals, and community hospitals. After performing a literature review a modified version of an existing survey tool was used for 2 months in 2012. The collected information related to EHR functionality and coverage of nursing documentation and nursing process, application of standard terminology, and perceived satisfaction and benefits of ENRs. Results: The response rate was 39.4% (289/733), and 202 hospitals (70.1%, 95% CI64.8~75.5%) of the respondents had ENR systems (82.5% of tertiary hospitals, 66.7% of general hospitals, and 70.1% of community hospitals). Out of these hospitals less than 10% had ENRs fully covering nursing documentation. The adoption rate of standard terminology was 55%, and hospital satisfaction with ENRs was 70%. But personalized care was identified as needing improvement in ENRs. Conclusion: The ENR adoption rate was high but there are many potential opportunities for improving ENR systems in terms of the data standardization and personalized care.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.2498-2504
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• 2009

This paper compared the output limit value of the Korean weak electric field strength wireless device in the 8.2MHz band with the standard values of foreign countries. Through this, the study confirmed that the Korean regulation was lower by about 10-20dB than those of the USA or Europe. In order to prove this, the study measured outputs by entrusting the 8.2MHz EAS system to two measuring companies. As a result of these measurements, electric field strengths were shown to be $70.6dB{\mu}V/m$ and $68.3dB{\mu}V/m$ respectively, and these values were confirmed to exceed the current Korean standard of $59.8dB{\mu}V/m$. Accordingly, it is deemed necessary to review the specifications of the Korean standard in the 8.2MHz band.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.24 no.12B
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• pp.2249-2261
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• 1999

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) for Multiprotocol Label Switching System. We review the implementation issues of LDP that is required to make a gigabit switched router, and propose a detail design of it. We present the data structures and procedures for the LDP as a result, which are based on IETF standard. We present design issues for applying this to carrier class products. The implemented protocol could afford 40,000 entries of the IP routing table that is required for deploying this system to commercialized data network. Furthermore this system implemented using the standard API of Unix, as a result, it has portability. By implementing LDP based on the international standard and these implementation issues, we expect that the implemented LDP will be interoperable with other commercialized products. We prove the validity of the design of the LDP through prototyping, and also verify the prototype with the specification using the process algebra and the performance analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.385-395
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• 2014

This study is one of the research series for providing basic data that would contribute to the development of the field of fishing industry through the systematic fishing management, protection of fishery resources and healthy fishing culture with safety measures for fishermen in Jeju island according to the implementation of "Fishing Management and Support Act". As a result of analyzing the related acts, the contents of this study are related with provisions of "Fishing management and Support Act" on acts on fishing management, fish bait management, support for fishing and fishing related industries and with provisions of "Act of the preservation and management of desert island" on the preservation, use and development of desert island (use and development in a desert island, behavior in usable desert island). As a result of the survey, the rocks on the seashore showed the highest popularity with 52.6% for fishermen and the seawall was the highest with 47.1% for Maritime police as their fishing place in the fishing related activity data. And as the survey result about the awareness of "Fishing management and Support Act", 65.2% of general fishermen, 36.0% of maritime police and 70.5% of fishing related agencies answered that they knew the act. It was also surveyed whether they consider its contribution to fishing related industry development and positive result was shown by general fishermen and maritime police with 46.8%, 48.0% respectively whereas fishing-related enterprises showed negative answer with 47.7%. In the survey of fishing related regulation standard, general fishermen, maritime police and fishing related agencies all showed different opinions regarding the regulation standard. It is recommended that regulation standard needs to be set up after detailed review.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.2319-2325
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• 2009

This paper compared the output limits value of the Korean weak electric field strength wireless device in the 58kHz band with the standard values of foreign countries. Through this, the study confirmed that the Korean regulation was lower by about 50dB than those of the USA or Europe. In order to prove this, the study measured outputs by entrusting the 58kHz EAS system to two measuring companies. As a result of these measurements, electric field strengths were shown to be $112dB{\mu}V/m$ and $08dB{\mu}V/m$ respectively, and these values were confirmed to exceed the current Korean standard of $102.7dB{\mu}V/m$. Accordingly, it is deemed necessary to review the specifications of the Korean standard in the 58kHz band.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.174-182
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• 2022

The existing cost calculation standard for the implementation project to manage total maximum daily loads calculates cost by considering the area scale and the population based on the basic cost. This method renders it difficult to calculate cost when the detailed characteristics of a business are considered. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a costing method that applied the standard fee calculation, reflecting the area scale, a number of human and livestock, wastewater discharge facilities, etc. And, through the review of related order cases, the suitability of factors affecting the implementation project is verified and the appropriateness of the cost calculation method is verified.