• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.192-198
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• 1988

Sixty patients, of ASA physical status class I for elective operations in the lower abdomen, perineum, or lower extremities, were studied in a comparative prospective trial to evaluate the efficacy of epidural morphine and ketamine for postoperative analgesia. They were divided into two groups: an epidural morphine sulfate group (EMS group; 30 patients), and an epidural ketamine hydrochloride group (EKH group; 30 patients). Indwelling epidural catheters were placed in the patients' lumber areas (L3-4) and then all patients were anesthetized with thiopental, nitrous oxide, and halothane. After the patients had fully recovered from the anesthesia, the analgesic agents were administered epidurally via the catheter when the patients complained of pain in the postoperative period. The groups were given either 0.1 mg/kg of morphine sulfate or 0.5 mg/kg of ketamine hydrochloride administered in a volume of 10 ml of normal saline. Patients were observed for the onset and duration of postoperative analgesia and for other effects. Total doses were $5.7{\pm}0.6\;mg$ of morphine sulfate in the EMS group and $27.9{\pm}3.3\;mg$ of ketamine hydrochloride in the EKH group. The onset of analgesia was detectable within 35 min.($23.5{\pm}6.3$ min) in 86.7% (26 cases) of the EMS group and within 10 min. ($7.8{\pm}3.7$ min.) in 76.7% (23 cases) of the EKH group. Mean duration of postoperative analgesia was $22.3{\pm}2.1\;hr$. in the EMS group. In the EKH group, the duration of analgesia was shorter and variable, the range of duration was from 2 hr. to 24 hr., Cardiopulmonary changes were statistically insignificant ih both groups. Side effects such as nausea, vomiting, urinary retention, pruritus, dizziness, and headache were observed in EMS group. In the EKH group, there was no discomfort except dizziness (3 cases) and headache (1 case). Epidural ketamine was a safe technique for postoperative analgesia, but because of the variability and relative shortness in the duration of analgesia the use of this technique will require further clinical trials.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.96-103
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• 2009

The biodegradability in water of the artificial baits for blue crab pots which were made of intestines of mackerel, tuna and grinded krill were studied. The biodegradability of artificial bait was evaluated with the effective capacity of 10L water tank which was made of acryl pipe at the velocity of 1m/d and hydraulic retention time of 12 hours. For the 23 days operation time, all artificial baits were degraded fast at the early stage of operation time and stabilized within 5 days after start up. The rates of biodegradation were different depending on the raw materials of artificial baits. In terms of degradation rate of organic matter which can be expressed as COD, artificial bait made of tunas intestine showed the fastest degradation rate. On the other hand, in terms of degradation rate of nitrogenous matter which can be expressed as ammonia nitrogen, artificial bait made of mackerels intestine showed the fastest degradation rate. In order to evaluate the effect of artificial bait on marine ecosystem, seawater qualities including SS, COD, DO, nitrogen, phosphorus were determined depending on depth and location during 2 days test operation period. It is apparent that the effect of artificial bait on seawater quality was negligible when comparing seawater quality of test operation area with control area.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.742-747
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• 1995

The effect of storage temperature and period on the contents of tin, iron, lead and vitamin C, browning index and pH was studied for canned and bottled orange juices currently sold in Korean market, which were stored for 24 weeks at 20, 30, 40 and $50^{\circ}C$ and analyzed at 4 week intervals. The change of metal content in bottled juices was negligible but metal release in canned juices was remarkably affected by storage temperature. Tin content after 16 weeks increased by $2.7{\sim}13.1$ times, iron content after 24 weeks increased by $4.3{\sim}5.2$ times and lead content after 24 weeks increased by $1.1{\sim}2.9$ times. Retention of total ascorbic acid in canned juices after 24 weeks at $30{\sim}50^{\circ}$ decreased to $13{\sim}76%$, while that in bottled juices decreased to $4{\sim}80%$. Browning index in canned juices after 24 weeks below $40^{\circ}C$ increased slightly with serious discoloration at $50^{\circ}C$ while that in bottled juices increased a little rapid. pH change in canned and bottled juices during storage below $40^{\circ}C$ was not observed regardless of container type but a great change of pH was accompanied with swelling of container ends in the case of canned juices after 24 weeks at $50^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.481-490
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• 2000

Modified atmosphere packaging was applied to oriental melon(Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa Mak.) to extend its freshness during distribution. Gas composition and ethylene content in the film bags changed rapidly at the early stage of storage. Within 10 days, weight loss of the unpackaged increased upto 7.68% while those of the packaged remained less than 1.0% except LDPE film modified by addition of 5%(w/w) zeolite with $20\;{\mu}m$ thickness(20CK, 2.38%). Firmness was effectively maintained in the LDPE film modified by addition of 5%(w/w) zeolite with $40\;{\mu}m$ thickness(40CK) and the LDPE film with $40\;{\mu}m$ thickness containing ethylene absorber sachet(40LP). Peel color of the fruit changed rapidly in control and a little in 40CK. Oriental melon packages using 40CK provided better visual and sensory quality retention compared with others. Results suggested that packaging treatment such as 40CK could be used for extending freshness of oriental melon during transport period at ambient temperature.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 1986

Changes in pH, titratable acidity, some organic acids and brix of the strawberry stored at the different levels of $CO_2$, in air were measured. The changing trends in pH and the acidity of the strawberries were not clear among the storage treatments, and pH of the strawberries in all the treatments was increased(r=0.9615) by contrast to decrease in the acidity(r=-0.8483). Ascorbic acid content of the strawberries at control lot was higher than the contents of the CA stored for the initial 2 weeks after storage. This trend was reversed after that period and the strawberries in air with 30% $CO_2$, showed the highest retention rate, 28% of the initial content after 5 weeks. Among the analyzed organic acids, malic acid was gradually decreased in all the treatments during storage and the decreasing rates of the strawberries in air with 30% $CO_2$, was somewhat stupider than those in the others. Pyruvic acid was reduced in the control lot during storage but drastically increased in the strawberries stored at the CA storage conditions between the 2nd and the 3rd week after storage, and then it was decreased.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.101-108
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• 2007

To execute a construction project, many construction participants are engaged in the project. Especially many subcontactors role is very important, but their contract statute seems weaker rather than prime contractor. So to protect the subcontractor and to activate fair subcontract, Fair Transactions in Subcontracting Act was enacted. Direct payment to subcontractor clause of the act can protect subcontractor from the fear of insolvency of prime contractor, on the other hand can cause dispute about the interpretation of defect liability. Therefore the positive act and regulation were examined, and the effects of direct payment to subcontractor were analyzed. And the treatment direction of direct payment were suggested in this paper. Summary is as follows; (1) Statute of subcontractor for the ordering subject must be considered (2) Contract relationship must be reflected in the performance bond, subcontract bond, and subcontract construction conditions (3) To clarify the defect liability for the direct payment, retainage to guarantee the repair during contract period may be reflect on the subcontract construction conditions.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.168-172
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• 2003

Radiation synovectomy is one of the most useful methods for treating patients with refractory synovitis because of its convenience, long-term effects, repeatability and the avoidance of surgery. In this study, we investigated the toxicity, stability and biodistribution of a rhenium-188 ($^{188}$Re)-tin colloid to evaluate its suitability as a synovectomy agent. Twenty four hours after injecting the $^{188}$Re-tin colloids (74 KBq/0.1 mL) into the tail vein of ICR mice, most of the $^{188}$Retin colloidal particles was found in the lungs. In addition, there were no particle size changes at either room temperature or at $37^{\circ}C$ after injecting the $^{188}$Re-tin colloids in human plasma and synovial fluid. In vitro stability tests showed that the $^{188}$Re-tin colloid remained in a colloidal form without a critical size variation over a 2-day period. We investigated the leakage of $^{188}$Retin colloids from the intraarticular injection site with gamma counting in New Zealand white rabbits. The $^{188}$Re-tin colloids (55.5 MBq/0.15 mL) were injected at the cavum articular and the mean retention percentage of the $^{188}$Re-tin colloid was 98.7% for 1 day at the injection site, which suggests that there was neither change in the particle size nor leakage at the injection sites. In the biodistribution study with the SD rats, the liver showed the highest radioactivity (0.0427% ID/organ) except for the injected knees (99.49%). In the SD rats, mild toxicities including the skin or a synovium inflammation were observed as a result of a radioactivity of 15 mCi/kg at the intraarticular injection site. However, there was no systemic toxicity. In the Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced arthritic rabbits, the $^{188}$Re-tin colloid improved the macroscopic, the histological score and reduced the knee joint diameter when compared to the arthritic control. In conclusion, a $^{188}$Re-tin-colloid is considered as a strong candidate for radiation synovectomy with a superior efficacy and safety.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.583-589
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• 2015

This study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of anaerobic pretreatment for the leachate solubilized from thermal hydrolysis of sewage sludge cake. Overall process for the treatment of sludge cake consists of thermal hydrolysis, crystallization of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate (MAP) for the leachate and anaerobic digestion of supernatant from MAP crystallization. The experimental evidence showed that the optimum ratio of Mg : P for the struvite crystallization of leachate solubilized from thermal hydrolysis of sludge cake was 1.5 to 1.0 as weight basis at the pH of 9.5. With this operational condition, the removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorous achieved 50% and 97%, respectively. The mesophilic batch test showed that the ultimate biodegradability of the supernatant from MAP crystallization reached 63% at S/I ratio of 0.5. The readily biodegradable fraction of 90% ($S_1$) of the MAP supernatant BVS (Biodegradable Volatile Solids, $S_0$) degraded with $k_1$ of $0.207day^{-1}$ for the initial 17 days where as the rest slowly biodegradable fraction ($S_2$) of 10% of BVS degraded with $k_2$ of $0.02day^{-1}$ for the rest of the operational period. Semi-Continuously Fed and Mixed Reactor (SCFMR) was chosen as one of the best candidates to treat the MAP supernatant because of its total solids content over 6%. Maximum average biogas production rates reached 0.45 v/v-d and TVS removal efficiency of 37~41% was achieved at an hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 20 days and its corresponding organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.43 g VS/L-d.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.69 no.3
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• pp.193-212
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• 2017

This study is purposed to explain the characteristics of injured workers' labor market situation and to analyze the factors influencing labor market transition of those workers. Using the Worker's Compensation Insurance Panel Data ver.1~3 which was surveyed by the Korean Workers' Compensation & Welfare Service in 2013-2015, this study analyzed 1,668 injured worker cases. The study shows that workers who have experience job retention at least once are 36.8% of all, 51.5% of them have experienced re-employment, and 36.9% have done unemployment. One result of the longitudinal analysis is that socio-demographic factors including gender, age, education years, convalescence period, ability on job performance, company size, term of service, temporary employment, daily-workers status before job accident and job training were associated with return to pre-injury job. The other result is that statistically significant factors affecting the probability to be the unemployed are gender, age, levels of disability, convalescence, ability on job performance, term of service before job accident, job rehabilitation service utilization. These findings indicate that we need to develop efficient intervention programs for supporting return-to-work and labor market transition of injured workers.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 1990

Plain 0.5% bupivacaine and hyperbaric 0.5% tetracaine were compared for spinal anesthesia in 40 patients undergoing operation of lower extremities. Lumbar puncture was performed with a 22 gauge spinal needle with the patient in the lateral recumbent position. The third lumbar interspace was chosen for the puncture, when a free flow of clear CSF was obtained, the local anesthetic solution (2.5ml of 0.5% bupivacaine or 2.0ml of hyperbaric 0.5% tetracaine) was injected at a rate of 0.1ml/sec without barbotage. After injection of anesthetics, clinical features were observed and compared between the two groups. The results were as follows : 1. The two groups were well matched for age, sex, height and weight. 2. In both groups, sensory block to $T_{12}$ dermatome was obtained within 4 minutes, mean maximal level of analgesia was $T_{6-7}$, and the mean time for maximal level was around 20 minutes. 3. The onset times of motor block were similar in both groups and complete motor block was obtained in all cases within 20 minutes. 4. The duration of analgesia above the $T_{12}$ dermatome was 3 hours, postoperative analgesia was 7 hours. These values were significantly prolonged than those of the tetracaine group(p<0.05). 5. The changes in systolic pressure in the bupivacaine group were significantly less than those of the tetracaine group(p<0.05). 6. The complications after spinal anesthesia were headache, numbness, urinary retention and backpain, and were no significant difference in both groups. From the obtained results, we concluded that plain 0.5% bupivacaine was a relatively satisfactory agent for spinal anesthesia for operation of lower extremities. The time of onset, height of block and the complications of postoperative period were similar in both groups. The advantages of plain 0.5% bupivacaine were less hypotension and long duration of analgesia.