• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.231-245
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• 2024

In recent decades, the protection and vulnerability of civil structures under explosion loads became a critical issue in terms of security, which may cause loss of lives and structural damage. Concrete retaining walls also restrict soils and slopes from displacements; meanwhile, intensive temporary loading may cause massive damage. In the current study, the modified Johnson-Holmquist (also known as J-H2) material model is implemented for concrete materials to model damages into the ABAQUS through user-subroutines to predict the blasting-induced concrete damages and volume strains. For this purpose, a 3D finite-element model of the concrete retaining wall was conducted in coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian simulation. Subsequently, a blast load equal to 500 kg of TNT was considered in three different positions due to UFC 3-340-02. Influences of the critical parameters in smooth blastings, such as distance from a free face, position, and effective blasting time, on concrete damage rate and destroy patterns, are explored. According to the simulation results, the concrete penetration pattern at the same distance is significantly influenced by the density of the progress environment. The result reveals that the progress of waves and the intensity of damages in free-air blasting is entirely different from those that progress in a dense surrounding atmosphere such as soil. Half-damaged elements in air blasts are more than those of embedded explosions, but dense environments such as soil impose much more pressure in a limited zone and cause more destruction in retaining walls.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.119-135
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• 2004

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism and effect of moxibustion with salt objectively, to be used as the quantitative data through the measurement of temperature, and to grasp the thermodynamic characteristics of moxibustion with salt. Methods: We have selected of the moxibustion with salt of indirect moxibustion. We make a comparative study of the thermodynamic characteristics of moxibustion with salt as a kind of the 4 salt. We examined combustion times, temperatures, temperature gradients in each period during a combustion of moxa. Results: 1. We make out that it is not significantly change the time of thermal conduction of moxibustion with salt as a kind of 4 salt. 2. The heating period of Refined Salt was long and that of Sun-dried Salt was a short time respectively. The heating period of maximum tamperature is high Sun-dried Salt, Mechanical Salt and Refined Salt orderly. Maximun heating speed in the heating period was $0.151{\sim}0.184^{\circ}C/sec$ and at the same tendency of the maximum temperature in the heating period. 3. The retaining period was shorter than the heating period respectively, that is 15~24% of the combustion time of in the heating period. We make out that it is not significantly different the time of the retaining period as a kind of 4 salt. The mean temperature of retaining period was $43.2{\sim}48.1^{\circ}C$, that was extraordinarily high temperature. 4. We make out that it is not significantly different the time of the cooling period as a kind of 4 salt. The cooling period was measured 223~233sec. Beacuse the same density and size of moxa combustion was made an experiment. 5. The effective combustion time of Refined Salt is longer(259sec) than that of Sun-dried Salt(173sec). It is significantly different the time of the combustion time as a kind of 4 salt. 6. It is significantly different the Sample deviation of the combustion time as a kind of 4 salt because of the water content of the 4 salt individually. Conclusions: As the base on this study, we obtained the conclusion as the follows. The salt of moxibustion with salt was fitted for Sun-dried Salt due to making to Mechanical Salt recently. The Refined Salt is composition rate to another and small size comparatively. So It was fitted for the salt of moxibustion with salt. It is necessary to study continuously about the more suitable moxibustion with salt and quantitative analysis about the moxibustion with salt.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.114-127
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism and effect of moxibustion objectively and to be used as the quantitative data for developing the new thermal stimulating treatment by observing the combustion time and temperature of commercial moxaes. Methods : We have selected two types(large-size moxa A(LMA), large-size moxa B (LMB)) among large moxaes used widely in the clinic. We examined combustion times, temperatures in each period during a combustion of moxa. Results : 1. The combustion time in the preheating period was about 30sec in both moxaes on the non-contact heated surface. 2. The combustion time in the heating period was about 345sec in LMA and about 1391 sec in LMB, about 4 times longer in LMB on the non-contact surface. 3. The maximum temperature in the heating period was $44.5^{\circ}C$ in LMA and $45.4^{\circ}C$ in LMB respectively, higher by $0.9^{\circ}C$ in LMB. The average temperature in the heating period was $35.5{\sim}37.6^{\circ}C$ in LMA and $36.0{\sim}39.8^{\circ}C$ in LMB, a little higher in LMB. 4. The combustion time in the retaining period in LMA was 45.4sec and 13% of that in the heating period, and in LMB 594.7sec and 43% of that in the heating period on the non-contact surface. 5. On the point(PH) measured maximum temperature, the average temperature during the retaining period was $44.0^{\circ}C$, $42.9^{\circ}C$ respectively and the temperature at an end of the retaining period was $43.0^{\circ}C$, $40.2^{\circ}C$ respectively. 6. The time at a beginning of the cooling period was about 418 sec from ignition in LMA and 2021sec in LMB, and the temperature at that time was $36.9{\sim}39.1^{\circ}C$ on the non-contact surface. Conclusion : It was thought that not only the figure of moxicombustion device, but also the form and size of moxa had influence on the combustion characteristics deciding the performance of stimulus seriously.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집(II)
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• pp.341-344
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• 2006

The waste glasses among plenty of wastes put out lately is limited in recycling and reusing, and the phenomenon hasn't been improved quite much. And besides, the recycling rate shows the 70.1%, relatively low. These waste glasses is currently used for road pavement materials, interior and exterior decorating materials in architecture, road painting meterials, auxiliary lagging materials for heat-retaining, coldness-retaining and soundproofing, and glass bottles. 30% of waste glasses powder is, however, not reused pratically. Therefore, in this research, we operated some tests including flow of mortar mixed with waste glasses powder, setting time, rheology and compressive strength to utilize waste glasses powder put out in the precess of recycling for admixture for repair mortar. As a result, we've found out that we can utilize waste glasses powder for admixture for repair mortar.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.259-263
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of thermal properties such as warmth retaining and contact warm/cool feeling of commercial dress shirts by repeated washing and drying by sun and dryer. Three kinds of fabrics such as cotton 100%, cotton/polyester 80/20% and polyester 100% were repeatedly washed and dried, and then used as specimen. Thermo Labo II type was employed to measure the thermal properties. At the same time, structural properties such as thickness, weight, bulk density, porosity, moisture vapor permeability and air permeability were analysed.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.381-386
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• 2006

The advantages of precast production are fast construction, reduction of labor and insurance of good quality. In recently, the application of the precast production is increased in the earth retaining wall field. This paper presents the results of the numerical modelling that was carried out to evaluate the stability of precast and prestressed earth retaining wall under dynamic train loading. The two-dimensional explicit dynamic finite element method (ABAQUS) was used to carry out the numerical analyses. The train loading to act track is calculated by using the real measured phase angle data. Mainly, the displacement and acceleration of wall structure in time domain analyzed to evaluate the stability under the dynamic train load.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2011년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회 2부
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• pp.49-52
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• 2011

This study concerned with the retention structures or inverted temporary building for displacement measurement in the underground soil after drilling a vertical tilt sensor attached to the vertical distance required to maintain a real-time measurement and management in order to install the wireless measuring devices installed in the field through remote control and management program for the safety of retaining structures temporary building be found on the internet in real time temporary building the retention is to develop a safety management system. And based on this technology to monitor the future status of the various structures possible to add a variety of sensors and Life Cycle Prediction of the structure and needs to evolve into intelligent systems and wireless networks using wireless communications infrastructure systems based on expanding domestic market penetration by developing instrumentation pioneer in overseas markets as well as the activation can also be judged.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.207-218
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• 2023

Real-time monitoring of the behavior of reinforced soil retaining wall (RSW) is required for safety checks. In this study, a targetless displacement measurement technology (TDMT) consisting of an image registration module and a displacement calculation module was proposed to monitor the behavior of RSW, in which facing displacement and settlement typically occur. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to compare the measuring performance of natural target (NT) with the performance of artificial target (AT). Feature count- and location-based performance metrics and displacement calculation performance were analyzed to determine their correlations. The results of laboratory and field experiments showed that the feature location-based performance metric was more relevant to the displacement calculation performance than the feature count-based performance metric. The mean relative errors of the TDMT were less than 1.69 % and 5.50 % for the laboratory and field experiments, respectively. The proposed TDMT can accurately monitor the behavior of RSW for real-time safety checks.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 지진시 옹벽의 수평변위량을 예측하는 기법을 개발하고자 옹벽과 지반의 진동시스템에 대한 운동 방정식을 유도하고 그로부터 도출되는 미분방정식은 Runge-Kutta-Nystrom 방법을 이용하여 해를 구하였다. 이러한 계산과정을 고려하여 지진시 옹벽의 수평변위를 얻는 해석과정을 프로그램화하였는데 해석기법의 핵심이 되는 변위-힘 관계를 탄성완전소성으로 모델링하는 계산 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 개발된 프로그램을 가정한 옹벽문제에 적용한 결과 해석을 통해 얻은 시간-변위관계와 시간-힘 관계 그리고 변위-힘 관계는 합리적인 결과를 보임을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 해석기법에 의하면 진동시간이 경과함에 따라 옹벽에는 전면방향으로 변위가 발생되게 되는데 사이클당 변위량은 시간이 경과됨에 따라 일정한 값에 수렴됨을 알 수 있었다. 자연 진동주기에 따른 옹벽의 변위를 계산해 보았는데 한 개의 스프링을 적용한 경우의 스프링상수로부터 유도되는 자연 진동주기가 지진 진동주기와 같을 때 보다는 약간의 차이를 보일 때 변위가 가장 크게 계산되었다. 이러한 이유는 옹벽-지반 진동시스템이 강성이 다른 두 개의 스프링으로 모사되었기 때문으로 볼 수 있다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.5-10
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• 2019

최근 발생한 경주지진('16.9.12., $M_L=5.8$) 및 포항지진('17.11.15., $M_L=5.4$)에서 국내의 설계지반운동 수준을 초과하는 진동이 관측되었으며 이를 계기로 설계지반운동이 일부 내진설계지침서에서 개정되었다. 설계지반운동이 조정되면 관련된 모든 시설물의 내진성능을 재평가해야 하며 이를 위해서는 막대한 시간과 비용이 소요된다. 본 연구에서는 일차적으로 조정된 설계지반운동기준에 대한 기설된 콘크리트 옹벽의 내진성능 확보 여부를 평가하였으며 이차적으로 콘크리트 옹벽의 지진여유도를 평가하였다. 변전소 주변에 기설된 콘크리트 옹벽 단면과 지반주상도를 사용하였으며 지진에 대한 안전율은 유사정적해석법을 사용하여 계산하였다. 평가에 사용된 모든 옹벽은 조정된 설계지반운동에 대해서 충분한 성능을 확보하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 나아가 옹벽의 지진여유도를 평가하기 위하여 기준 안전율을 만족하지 못하는 임계가속도를 계산하였다. 임계가속도는 0.36g~0.8g 범위로 설계지반운동을 크게 상회하며 콘크리트 옹벽의 지진여유도는 매우 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 추후 설계지반운동이 0.3g 이상으로 상향조정되어도 옹벽의 전면적인 재평가는 불필요할 것으로 판단된다.