• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2015

In pediatric dentistry, chloral hydrate is habitually selected for sedation of uncooperative children. Although chloral hydrate has been used for decades, various adverse effects are reported and necessity for new alternative drugs has increased. Dexmedetomidine was approved by FDA for sedation at intensive care units (ICU) in 1999. Compared to conventional sedative drugs, dexmedetomidine has not only analgesic and sedative effects but also it barely suppresses the respiratory system. Due to these characteristics, dexmedetomidine is known as safe sedative drug for children and elderly patients. Furthermore, approved by KFDA in 2010 in Korea, the frequency of sedation using dexmedetomidine is increasing. However, due to its intravenous administration method, it was difficult to apply in pediatric dentistry. Recently, intranasal administration method was introduced which might be a new possible alternative of oral sedation. In this study, we compare the mechanisms, pros and cons of chloral hydrate and dexmedetomidine, introducing new possibilities.

• Korean Journal of Artificial Intelligence
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.17-22
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• 2018

According to the World Health Organization, the top 10 causes of death worldwide include heart disease. Heart diseases include coronary disease, which induces acute myocardial infarction. Ticagrelor drugs are being used to treat acute alliances, but it has become difficult to breathe due to the drugs. In a related study, Tobias predicted that uric acid causes acute respiratory distress independently of other factors, including BNP. And in the Ahmad study, serum uric acid numbers were related to the left ventricle depending on the level of uric acid. Experimental data are data used after 155 patients who received coronary intervention took ticagrelor. The research methods were leveraged by gradient decent algorithm and linear regression. In order to avoid overfitting in the experiment, training data and test data were separated into 70 and 30 percent respectively. The experimental results lacked the predictability of other attributes except DT in the correlation coefficient and crystal coefficient. However, all attributes related to dyspnea other than DT are determined to be related to causing relaxation of the heart in the left ventricle. Therefore, the attribute causing dyspnea is determined to be an attribute causing relaxation of the heart of the DT and left ventricle.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.215-219
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• 2015

Cardiopulmonary depression of long-term constant rate infusion (CRI) administration of multiple analgesic drugs is important, especially in critically ill dogs. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of lidocaine, ketamine or combined lidocaine-ketamine combination CRI treatment on vital signs and left ventricular (LV) function in healthy dogs. Six adult Beagle dogs were administered either ketamine (initial loading dose of 0.5 mg/kg followed by $10{\mu}g/kg/min$ CRI), lidocaine (initial loading dose of 2 mg/kg followed by 0.025 mg/kg/min CRI), or combined lidocaine-ketamine intravenously. Arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT) and echocardiographic LV dimensions were measured before administration of medications, immediately after administration of drugs, and then every 10 min for 2 h. There were no significant changes in HR, RR, BT and BP after the administration of either lidocaine CRI, ketamine CRI, or combined lidocaine and ketamine CRI. There were also no significant changes in LV dimensions and stroke volume. The results revealed that treatment with either lidocaine, ketamine or combined lidocaine-ketamine may not cause cardiopulmonary suppression in healthy dogs.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.408-421
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• 2021

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not only affected human health but also diverted the focus of research and derailed the world economy over the past year. Recently, vaccination against COVID-19 has begun, but further studies on effective therapeutic agents are still needed. The severity of COVID-19 is attributable to several factors such as the dysfunctional host immune response manifested by uncontrolled viral replication, type I interferon suppression, and release of impaired cytokines by the infected resident and recruited cells. Due to the evolving pathophysiology and direct involvement of the host immune system in COVID-19, the use of immune-modulating drugs is still challenging. For the use of immune-modulating drugs in severe COVID-19, it is important to balance the fight between the aggravated immune system and suppression of immune defense against the virus that causes secondary infection. In addition, the interplaying events that occur during virus-host interactions, such as activation of the host immune system, immune evasion mechanism of the virus, and manifestation of different stages of COVID-19, are disjunctive and require thorough streamlining. This review provides an update on the immunotherapeutic interventions implemented to combat COVID-19 along with the understanding of molecular aspects of the immune evasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may provide opportunities to develop more effective and promising therapeutics.

• CELLMED
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.6.1-6.6
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• 2024

The prevalence of respiratory diseases is increasing due to social and environmental factors such as increased environmental pollution and air pollution, and among them, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in particular has a high mortality and morbidity rate worldwide. As a result, medical expenses are rapidly increasing, creating a social and economic burden. In response to this, there is a need to discuss ways to reduce the risk from diseases and manage them appropriately, and the most basic starting point in this process is how these chronic lung disease patients are treated in actual clinical settings and how to improve the quality of treatment. There is a need to look into whether there are effective drugs. Western treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is basically a disease in which the airway narrows, so bronchodilators are used to widen the bronchi, and corticosteroids and antibiotics are mainly used to relieve the inflammatory response in the lungs. However, since the mainly used Western medicine does not serve as a fundamental therapeutic drug and contains many side effects, there is a need for drugs that improve the quality of life of patients and are more effective in managing symptoms as symptomatic prescriptions. Therefore, Western and Oriental medicine treatments are needed. The purpose is to suggest better treatments through comparative analysis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2005

Background : To evaluate the clinical efficacy of pulmonary resection combined with first-line antituberculous drug therapy in patients with well-localized, cavities-containing pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Method : From February 1998, seventeen patients with well-localized, cavities-containing pulmonary MDR-TB were enrolled and followed prospectively up to December 2004. After radical pulmonary resection, the patients were treated with antituberculous drugs comprising of isoniazid (H), rifampin (R), pyrazinamide (Z), ethambutol (E), and streptomycin (S) (3HERZS/3HERS/6HER). Results : All recovered isolates of M. tuberculosis were resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin, and to a mean of 4.8 antituberculous drugs (range, 2 to 7 drugs). Surgical procedures included lobectomy (13 patients), lobectomy plus segmentectomy (3 patients), and pneumonectomy (1 patient). The median time for postoperative sputum smear and culture conversion was 2 days (range, 1 to 23 days). Fifteen (94%) patients had durable cures (mean follow-up period, 39.0 months). One patient failed to convert her sputum and was successfully switched to second-line therapy; one patient developed active disease again almost 7 years later, likely due to re-infection with a new M. tuberculosis strain. Conclusion : Radical resection combined with administration of first-line antituberculous agents was effective in patients with well-localized, cavities-containing pulmonary MDR-TB.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.180-186
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• 2006

Background : Para-aminosalicylic acid(PAS) is a 2nd-line drug that can cause severe adverse reactions leading to poor patient compliance. This study evaluated the relapse rate according to the discontinuance of PAS at a certain point after bacteriological conversion during the course of chemotherapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB). Methods : 42 out of 452 MDR-TB patients were enrolled in this study. All subjects were receiving chemotherapy including PAS at National Masan TB Hospital between Jan. 1, 2000 and Dec. 31, 2001. The relapse rate was evaluated after the discontinuance of PAS from their initial regimen as a result of the severe adverse reactions at a certain point after the bacteriological conversion during the course of chemotherapy for MDR-TB. Results : The male to female ratio was 2.5:1, and the mean age was 47.2 years old. The average number of past histories, used drugs and resistant drugs was 1.2, 3.9 and 4.3. The mean number of sensitive drugs included in the inirial regimen was 3.9. The mean time for bacteriological conversion and discontinuance of the PAS was 2.3 months after initiating treatment and 6 months after bacteriological conversion, respectively. There was no relapse after discontinuing PAS during a mean follow up period of 31.6 months. Conclusion : PAS may be discontinued in the cases of serious gastrointestinal problems approximately 6 months after bacteriological conversion without concern about relapse.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.404-409
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• 1993

Background: There are many retreatment failure patients admitted in National Kongju Tuberculosis Hospital. But there is not satisfactory treatment method for them at present. We think that more attentions and active measures for them are needed. Method: We reviewed sex and age, duration of illness, previously used antituberculosis drugs, drug resistance, extent of disease, reasons for early stopping or irregular medication and schooling of 50 retreatment failure patients admitted in National Kongju Tuberculosis Hospital from April 1992 to February 1993. Results: 1) The male to female ratio was 3:2 and 62% of the patients were between 21 and 40 years of age. 2) Twenty eight cases (56%) had the duration of illness over 10 years. 3) All cases had used most of the antituberculosis drugs. 4) Drug sensitivity test showed resistance to RMP in 46 cases (96%), INH in 40 cases (83%) and other drugs in 3-32 cases (6-67%). 5) Forty eight cases (96%) had far advanced disease on chest P-A film. 6) Twenty eight cases (56%) in primary chemotherapy and twenty one cases (42%) in retreatment had the histories of premature stopping or irregular ingestion of the drug. The reasons for premature stopping or irregular ingestion of the drug were as follows; in primary chemotherapy, 29 cases (75%) were due to 'having no symptoms', while in retreatment, 6 cases (29%) were due to 'having no symtoms', 6 cases (29%) were 'too, busy' and 3 cases (14%) were for 'financial problem'. 7) Twenty seven cases (54%) had at least graduated from high school. Conclusion: Greater efforts are needed to prevent tratment failure. More supports and admission treatment for retreatment failure patients are needed to prevent infection and to treat properly.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.862-870
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• 1996

Background : Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-Tb) has been increased not only in Asia but also in Western society, which may cause public health problems and reduce the efficacy of treatment of tuberculosis. In Western society HIV infection is believed to do a central role in increasing incidence of MDR tuberculosis, but MDR-Tb in Korea may be somewhat different about clinical features, underlying disorders, and prognosis. Goble et al reponed that overall treatment failure rate in MDR-Tb including resistance to isoniazid(INH) and rifampin (RFP) was 44 %. The aim of this study is to find the treatment result in Korea and the factors determining the prognosis. Methods: A retrospective study of pulmonary tuberculosis cultured M. tuberculosis from sputum or bronchial washing fluid between 1986 through 1992 was conducted in the Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University. We reviewed clinical courses of 141 patients, who had a tuberculosis with resistance to 2 or more drugs including isoniazid(INH) and rifampin(RFP). One hundred and 4 patients of 141 patients had completed treatment and followed up for more than one year. Results: Of 104 (mean age $43.6{\pm}16.7$, M: F=63 : 41) patients with sufficient follow-up data, 73(84.6%) patients responded which is defined as negative Sputum cultures for at least 3 consecutive months. Seven patients(6.7%) had a failure in negative conversion and 9(8.7%) of the patients who initially responded relapsed. Overall treatment failure rate was 15.4%, Patients who were treated for less than 12 months had a higher relapse rate(12.3%) than 18 months(4.9%). And there was a statistically significant correlation between the relapse rate and the number of drugs to which isolates wera resistant(p<0.05). Conclusion : The treatment failure rate of MDR-Tb in Korea was lower than previous studies in western Country and the major determining factor of prognosis was the number of resistant drugs to M. tuberculosis at drug sensitivity test. For reducing the relapse rate, we recommend more than 12 months of treatment for MDR tuberculosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.71 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2011

Background: Gefitinib and erlotinib are useful, molecular targeted agents in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who failed previous chemotherapy. We compared the efficacy and toxicity of two drugs in patients with squamous cell lung cancer, most of whom are male smokers. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical information on patients with NSCLC who were treated with gefitinib or erlotinib treatment at Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital between July 2002 and November 2009. The overall response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared between the two drugs. Results: A total of 182 (100 gefitinib vs. 82 erlotinib) of 584 patients treated by targeted agents had squamous histology. Of the 182 patients, 167 (91.7%) were male and 159 (87.4%) were smokers. The ORR and disease control rate (DCR) were 4.9% and 40.6%, and there was no significant difference between gefitinib and erlotinib (ORR, 5.0% vs 4.8%; p=0.970; DCR, 40.0% vs 41.4%; p=0.439). The median OS in the gefitinib group was 12.1 months, and that in the erlotinib was 12.7 months (hazard ratio [HR], 1.282; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.771~2.134; p=0.339). The median PFS for the gefitinib group was 1.40 months, compared with 1.37 months for the erlotinib group (HR, 1.092; 95% CI, 0.809~1.474; p=0.564). Skin rash ${\geq}$grade 3 was more common in erlotinib (12.2%) than gefitinib (1.0%, p=0.003) groups. Conclusion: This retrospective study showed that the two drugs appear to have similar antitumor efficacy and toxicity except for skin rash.