• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2005

From published data of mature forests worldwide, Raich and Nadelhoffer suggested that total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) could be estimated from the difference between annual rates of soil respiration and aboveground litterfall. Here we analyze new measurements of IRGA-based soil respiration and litterfall of natural mature oak forests dominated by Quercus mongolica in Korea. Rates of in situ soil respiration and aboveground litter production are highly and positively correlated. Our results disagree with the Raich and Nadelhoffer model far world forests. A regression analysis of the data from Q. mongolica forests produced the following relationship: annual soil respiration : 141 + 2.08 ${\times}$ annual litterfall. The least squares regression line has a more gentle slope (2.08) than the slope (2.92) described by Raich and Nedelhoffer for mature forests worldwide. The regression slope of our study indicates that, on average, soil respiration is about two times the aboveground litterfall-C, which further implies that TBCA is similar with annual aboveground litterfall-C at natural Q. mongolica forests in Korea. The non-zero Y-intercept (141) of the regression indicates that TBCA may be greater than litterfall-C where litterfall rate are relativery low. Over a gradient of litterfall-C ranging from 200-370 g C $m^{-2}yr^{-l}$, TBCA increased from 350-530 g C $m^{-2}yr^{-l}$.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.105-110
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• 2013

Respiratory signal is one of the important physiological information indicating the status and function of the body. Recent studies have provided the possibility of being able to estimate the respiratory signal by using a change of PWV(pulse width variability), PRV(pulse rate variability) and PAV(pulse amplitude variability) in the PPG (photoplethysmography) signal during daily life. But, it is not clear whether the respiratory monitoring is possible even during sleep. Therefore, in this paper, we estimated the respiration from PWV, PRV and PAV of PPG signals during sleep. In addition, respiration rates of the estimated respiration signal were calculated through a time-frequency analysis, and errors between respiration rates calculated from each parameter and from reference signal were evaluated in terms of 1 sec, 10 sec and 1 min. As a result, it showed the errors in PWV(1s: $36.38{\pm}37.69$ mHz, 10s: $36.53{\pm}38.16$ mHz, 60s: $30.35{\pm}38.72$ mHz), in PRV(1s: $1.45{\pm}1.38$ mHz, 10s: $1.44{\pm}1.37$ mHz, 60s: $0.45{\pm}0.56$ mHz), and in PAV(1s: $1.05{\pm}0.81$ mHz, 10s: $1.05{\pm}0.79$ mHz, 60s: $0.56{\pm}0.93$ mHz). The errors in PRV and PAV are lower than that of PWV. Finally, we concluded that PRV and PAV are more effective than PWV in monitoring the respiration in daily life as well as during sleep.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.153-157
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• 1989

The characteristics of the areal parts, photosynthetic and respiration rates and stem color were examined in 1- to 5-year-old Green-stem, Violet-stem and Yellow-berry variant ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). The top characteristics, photosynthetic and respiration rates were not significantly different among the three variants. Selfed progency of the Green-stems variant plant produced only green stems, while the others produced green and violet stem in the seedling stage. These results showed that most of the top characteristics of the Green-stem variant were similar those of the Violet-stem and Yellow-berry variants with age.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-18
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• 1984

In this paper we developed a respiration monitor by an impedane pneumography. This technique, measuring the electrical impedance change of the lungs due to breath, provides the accurate data for the respiration trend and rates. To measure the small impedance difference we designed a special current source which was considered the electrical safety and the interference with the ECG signal.

• The Microorganisms and Industry
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.70-73
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• 1994

Effects of 13 organic compounds including glucose, fructose, xylose, glutamate, succinate, malate, glycine, lactate, acetate, pyruvate, citrate, formate and cis-aconitate on the oxidation of thiosulfate and the availability of these compounds as the substrate for the respiration by Thiobacillus ocncretivorus, which is known to be an obligated autotroph, were studied. Malate nad glycine at 0.5 per cent concentration nearly doubled the thiosulfate oxidation compared to the control. No other organic substances enhanced the thiosulfate oxidation compared to the control. No other organic substances enhanced the thiosulfate oxidation. Moreover, some 30 to 40 per cent decrease was recorded by fructose, sulfate-salts medium, some 30 to 40 per cent decrease was recorded by fructose, citrate, xylose, malate, flucose, glutamate and succinate. No respiration could occur when formate and pyruvate were supplied as the substrate for respiration. But it was obvious that flucose, fructose, xylose, glutamate, malate, citrate and succinate could be used as the substrate for respiration to some extent, regarding the fact that some increase in respiration rates could be recorded compared to the result from the salts medium, where neither thiosulfate nor orgnic compounds were added. Thus, it was postulated that this organism could possibly be converted into mixotroph or hetrotroph if appropriate conditions could be prepared.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.123-131
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• 2019

In recent years, a non-contact respiration and heart rates monitoring via IR-UWB radar has been paid much attention to in various applications - patient monitoring, occupancy detection, survivor exploring in disaster area, etc. In this paper, we address a novel approach of real time heart rate estimation using IR-UWB radar. We apply sine fitting and peak detection method for estimating respiration rate and heart rate, respectively. We also deploy two techniques to mitigate the error caused by wrong estimation of respiration rate: a moving average filter and finding the frequency of the highest occurrence. Experimental results show that the algorithm can estimate heart rate in real time when respiration rate is presumed to be estimated accurately.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.335-342
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• 1998

The objectives of this study were to evaluate respiration characteristics and develop empirical respiratory rate equations for short gain rough rice. The carbon dioxide concentrations generated from mush rice at four level temperatures(10, 20, 30, 4$0^{\circ}C$) and 4 level moisture contents(17.2, 21.5, 25.9, 31.6％, d.b.) were measured by gas chromatography. The respiratory rates' increased exponentially with gain temperature and also with moisture content The relationship between respiratory rate and gain temperature fitted the Arrehenius' and Core's equations very well. Two empirical respiratory rate equations were presented as a function of gain temperature and moisture content. The values of determination coefficient for the developed respiratory rate equations were 0.999, and the result of t-test showed that there were no significant differences between predicted and measured respiratory rates on significance level of 1%. Therefore, it appeared that respiratory rates predicted by the respiratory rate equations agreed well with measured values. An equation for predicting dry matter losses of rough rice during storage was presented by modifying the respiratory rate equations based on chemical reaction of decomposition of carbohydrate.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.302-309
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• 2017

Background: Large-scale land-use change is being caused by various socioeconomic problems. Land-use change is necessarily accompanied by changes in the regional carbon balance in terrestrial ecosystems and affects climate change. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the correlation between environmental factors altered by land-use change and the carbon balance. To address this issue, we studied the characteristics of soil carbon flux and soil moisture content related to rainfall events in mountain pastures converted from deciduous forest in Korea. Results: The average soil moisture contents (SMC) during the study period were 23.1% in the soil respiration (SR) plot and 25.2% in the heterotrophic respiration (HR) plot. The average SMC was increased to 2.1 and 1.1% in the SR and HR plots after rainfall events, respectively. In addition, saturated water content was 29.36% in this grassland. The soil water content was saturated under the consistent rainfall of more than $5mm\;h^{-1}$ rather than short-term heavy rainfall event. The average SR was increased to 28.4% after a rainfall event, but the average HR was decreased to 70. 1%. The correlation between soil carbon flux rates and rainfall was lower than other environmental factors. The correlation between SMC and soil carbon flux rates was low. However, HR exhibited a tendency to be decreased when SMC was 24.5%. In addition, the correlation between soil temperature and respiration rate was significant. Conclusions: In a mountain pasture ecosystem, rainfall induced the important change of soil moisture content related to respiration in soil. SR and HR were very sensitive to change of SMC in soil surface layer about 0-10-cm depth. SR was increased by elevation of SMC due to a rainfall event, and the result was assumed from maintaining moderate soil moisture content for respiration in microorganism and plant root. However, HR was decreased in long-time saturated condition of soil moisture content. Root has obviously contributed to high respiration in heavy rainfall, but it was affected to quick depression in respiration under low rainfall. The difference of SMC due to rainfall event was causative of a highly fluctuated soil respiration rate in the same soil temperature condition. Therefore, rainfall factor or SMC are to be considered in predicting the soil carbon flux of grassland ecosystems for future climate change.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2001

Soil respiration and some environmental factors which affect soil respiration were studied in an oak forest, Kongju, Korea. Soil respiration was measured at midday of the 15th and 30th day at every month in control(Con), artificial forest gap (Gap) and litter removed area (Lr) with portable CO₂ Analyzer equipped soil respiration chamber. In July, maximum soil respiration in Con, Cap and Lr was 15.6, 11.2 and 7.7 CO₂μmol·m/sup -2/·s/sup -1/, respectively. Respiration in Gap and Lr decreased by 28.6% and 50.6%, respectively, compared with that in Con. Annual amount of soil CO₂ evolution from Con, Gap and Lr was 6.86, 5.84, 3.81 kg·m/sup -2/·yr/sup -1/, respectively. Annual amount of CO₂ evolution in Gap and Lr decreased by 14.8% and 44.5%, respectively, compared with that in Con. Soil respiration rates exponentially increased with temperature. Temperature of soil surface and at 5 cm depth was strongly related to soil respiration rates in Con (r₂＝0.87, 0.93), Gap (r₂=0.81, 0.88) and Lr (r/sub 2/=0.89).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.372-379
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• 1994

Timber harvesting impacts on soil microbial populations and respiration rates were examined in naturally regenerating trembling aspen(Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands on two contrasting soils, an Omega loamy sand (sandy mixed, frigid Typic Udipsamment) and an Ontonagon clay loam (very fine, mixed Glossic Eutroboralf). Five timber harvesting disturbances were simulated during winter of 1990 and spring of 1991, including commercial whole-tree harvesting(CWH), winter logging trail+CWH, logging slash removal+CWH(LSR), forest floor removal+LSR(FFR), and spring compaction+FFR. Regardless of soil types, total soil respiration rates of each stand decreased slightly or remained the same after harvesting while microbial population increased progressively during the first two years following harvesting. Microbial populations increased more rapidly and constantly at the sandy site than at the clayey site, which may indicate that the soil physical and chemical conditions changed more drastically for microbial activity following timber harvesting at the sandy site than at the clayey site. However, two kinds of treatment applications-three levels of organic matter removal and two levels of compaction-did not result in significant differences in microbial population or total soil respiration rate at each site during the first two post-harvest years. Total soil respiration of the aspen stands, sum of root respiration and microbial respiration, was a poor index for the microbial activity in this study because aspen kept an active root system for the successive root-sprouts even after harvesting, which resulted in a large portion of root respiration in total respiration.