• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2005

From published data of mature forests worldwide, Raich and Nadelhoffer suggested that total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) could be estimated from the difference between annual rates of soil respiration and aboveground litterfall. Here we analyze new measurements of IRGA-based soil respiration and litterfall of natural mature oak forests dominated by Quercus mongolica in Korea. Rates of in situ soil respiration and aboveground litter production are highly and positively correlated. Our results disagree with the Raich and Nadelhoffer model far world forests. A regression analysis of the data from Q. mongolica forests produced the following relationship: annual soil respiration : 141 + 2.08 ${\times}$ annual litterfall. The least squares regression line has a more gentle slope (2.08) than the slope (2.92) described by Raich and Nedelhoffer for mature forests worldwide. The regression slope of our study indicates that, on average, soil respiration is about two times the aboveground litterfall-C, which further implies that TBCA is similar with annual aboveground litterfall-C at natural Q. mongolica forests in Korea. The non-zero Y-intercept (141) of the regression indicates that TBCA may be greater than litterfall-C where litterfall rate are relativery low. Over a gradient of litterfall-C ranging from 200-370 g C $m^{-2}yr^{-l}$, TBCA increased from 350-530 g C $m^{-2}yr^{-l}$.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.105-110
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• 2013

Respiratory signal is one of the important physiological information indicating the status and function of the body. Recent studies have provided the possibility of being able to estimate the respiratory signal by using a change of PWV(pulse width variability), PRV(pulse rate variability) and PAV(pulse amplitude variability) in the PPG (photoplethysmography) signal during daily life. But, it is not clear whether the respiratory monitoring is possible even during sleep. Therefore, in this paper, we estimated the respiration from PWV, PRV and PAV of PPG signals during sleep. In addition, respiration rates of the estimated respiration signal were calculated through a time-frequency analysis, and errors between respiration rates calculated from each parameter and from reference signal were evaluated in terms of 1 sec, 10 sec and 1 min. As a result, it showed the errors in PWV(1s: $36.38{\pm}37.69$ mHz, 10s: $36.53{\pm}38.16$ mHz, 60s: $30.35{\pm}38.72$ mHz), in PRV(1s: $1.45{\pm}1.38$ mHz, 10s: $1.44{\pm}1.37$ mHz, 60s: $0.45{\pm}0.56$ mHz), and in PAV(1s: $1.05{\pm}0.81$ mHz, 10s: $1.05{\pm}0.79$ mHz, 60s: $0.56{\pm}0.93$ mHz). The errors in PRV and PAV are lower than that of PWV. Finally, we concluded that PRV and PAV are more effective than PWV in monitoring the respiration in daily life as well as during sleep.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.153-157
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• 1989

청경종 특성을 알기위하여 지상부 제형질, 광합성과 호흡 그리고 자식세대의 경색을 조사하였다. 청경종은 엽경종, 황열종의 경, 엽, 광합성과 호흡에 뚜렷한 차이가 나타나지 않았지만 5년근시 화경장 형질이 타 변종보다 길었다. 광합성에 있어서는 청경종이 뚜렷한 차이는 없는 경향이며 비교적 황열종이 높았으나 $20^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 모든 변종에서 현저히 떨어지는 경향이었다. 청경종내 자식세대 일부는 경색이 분리되는 경향이나 자식사대가 거듭할수록 녹색경(청경종) 출현이 높았다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.15-18
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• 1984

In this paper we developed a respiration monitor by an impedane pneumography. This technique, measuring the electrical impedance change of the lungs due to breath, provides the accurate data for the respiration trend and rates. To measure the small impedance difference we designed a special current source which was considered the electrical safety and the interference with the ECG signal.

• 미생물과산업
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.70-73
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• 1994

Effects of 13 organic compounds including glucose, fructose, xylose, glutamate, succinate, malate, glycine, lactate, acetate, pyruvate, citrate, formate and cis-aconitate on the oxidation of thiosulfate and the availability of these compounds as the substrate for the respiration by Thiobacillus ocncretivorus, which is known to be an obligated autotroph, were studied. Malate nad glycine at 0.5 per cent concentration nearly doubled the thiosulfate oxidation compared to the control. No other organic substances enhanced the thiosulfate oxidation compared to the control. No other organic substances enhanced the thiosulfate oxidation. Moreover, some 30 to 40 per cent decrease was recorded by fructose, sulfate-salts medium, some 30 to 40 per cent decrease was recorded by fructose, citrate, xylose, malate, flucose, glutamate and succinate. No respiration could occur when formate and pyruvate were supplied as the substrate for respiration. But it was obvious that flucose, fructose, xylose, glutamate, malate, citrate and succinate could be used as the substrate for respiration to some extent, regarding the fact that some increase in respiration rates could be recorded compared to the result from the salts medium, where neither thiosulfate nor orgnic compounds were added. Thus, it was postulated that this organism could possibly be converted into mixotroph or hetrotroph if appropriate conditions could be prepared.

• 대한임베디드공학회논문지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2019

In recent years, a non-contact respiration and heart rates monitoring via IR-UWB radar has been paid much attention to in various applications - patient monitoring, occupancy detection, survivor exploring in disaster area, etc. In this paper, we address a novel approach of real time heart rate estimation using IR-UWB radar. We apply sine fitting and peak detection method for estimating respiration rate and heart rate, respectively. We also deploy two techniques to mitigate the error caused by wrong estimation of respiration rate: a moving average filter and finding the frequency of the highest occurrence. Experimental results show that the algorithm can estimate heart rate in real time when respiration rate is presumed to be estimated accurately.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.335-342
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• 1998

The objectives of this study were to evaluate respiration characteristics and develop empirical respiratory rate equations for short gain rough rice. The carbon dioxide concentrations generated from mush rice at four level temperatures(10, 20, 30, 4$0^{\circ}C$) and 4 level moisture contents(17.2, 21.5, 25.9, 31.6％, d.b.) were measured by gas chromatography. The respiratory rates' increased exponentially with gain temperature and also with moisture content The relationship between respiratory rate and gain temperature fitted the Arrehenius' and Core's equations very well. Two empirical respiratory rate equations were presented as a function of gain temperature and moisture content. The values of determination coefficient for the developed respiratory rate equations were 0.999, and the result of t-test showed that there were no significant differences between predicted and measured respiratory rates on significance level of 1%. Therefore, it appeared that respiratory rates predicted by the respiratory rate equations agreed well with measured values. An equation for predicting dry matter losses of rough rice during storage was presented by modifying the respiratory rate equations based on chemical reaction of decomposition of carbohydrate.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권11호
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• pp.302-309
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• 2017

Background: Large-scale land-use change is being caused by various socioeconomic problems. Land-use change is necessarily accompanied by changes in the regional carbon balance in terrestrial ecosystems and affects climate change. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the correlation between environmental factors altered by land-use change and the carbon balance. To address this issue, we studied the characteristics of soil carbon flux and soil moisture content related to rainfall events in mountain pastures converted from deciduous forest in Korea. Results: The average soil moisture contents (SMC) during the study period were 23.1% in the soil respiration (SR) plot and 25.2% in the heterotrophic respiration (HR) plot. The average SMC was increased to 2.1 and 1.1% in the SR and HR plots after rainfall events, respectively. In addition, saturated water content was 29.36% in this grassland. The soil water content was saturated under the consistent rainfall of more than $5mm\;h^{-1}$ rather than short-term heavy rainfall event. The average SR was increased to 28.4% after a rainfall event, but the average HR was decreased to 70. 1%. The correlation between soil carbon flux rates and rainfall was lower than other environmental factors. The correlation between SMC and soil carbon flux rates was low. However, HR exhibited a tendency to be decreased when SMC was 24.5%. In addition, the correlation between soil temperature and respiration rate was significant. Conclusions: In a mountain pasture ecosystem, rainfall induced the important change of soil moisture content related to respiration in soil. SR and HR were very sensitive to change of SMC in soil surface layer about 0-10-cm depth. SR was increased by elevation of SMC due to a rainfall event, and the result was assumed from maintaining moderate soil moisture content for respiration in microorganism and plant root. However, HR was decreased in long-time saturated condition of soil moisture content. Root has obviously contributed to high respiration in heavy rainfall, but it was affected to quick depression in respiration under low rainfall. The difference of SMC due to rainfall event was causative of a highly fluctuated soil respiration rate in the same soil temperature condition. Therefore, rainfall factor or SMC are to be considered in predicting the soil carbon flux of grassland ecosystems for future climate change.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2001

상수리나무림에서 교란이 가해지지 않은 대조구(Con), 그리고 인위적으로 만든 숲틈(Gap)과 낙엽층 제거지역(Lr) 두 곳을 실험구로 설정하여 토양호흡과 호흡에 영향을 주는 토양온도, 수분, 유기물함량을 조사하였다. Con, Gap, Lr의 토양호흡률은 7월에 가장 높았으며, 이 때 각각의 평균 토양호흡률은 15.6±0.9, 11.2±1.4, 7.7 ± 1.3 CO₂μmol·m/sup -2/·s/sup -1/로 Con에 비해 Gap과 Lr에 서 28.6%와 50.6% 낮았다. Con, Gap, Lr에서 동절기에는 토양호흡률이 각각 0.5±0.0, 0.4±0.1, 0.3 ±0.0 CO₂μmol·m/sup -2/·s/sup -1/로 지소간 유의한 차이는 없었다. Con, Gap, Lr에서 조사기간의 평균 토양호흡률은 각각 5.0±4.7, 4.3±3.5, 2.8±2.2 CO₂μmol·m/sup -2/·s/sup -1/로 지소간 유의한 차이(P<0.01)가 있었다. Gap과 Lr은 Con에 비해 각각 24%, 44% 감소되었다. 토양으로부터 대기중으로 방출되는 연간 CO₂의 양은 Con, Gap, Lr에서 각각 6.86, 5.84, 3.81 CO₂㎏·m/sup -2/·yr/sup -1/ 이었다 (P<0.01). Gap과Lr는 Con에 비해 각각 14.8, 44.5%감소되었다. 교란의 정도와 관계없이 토양호흡률은 토양온도와 높은 상관관계가 있었다. 낙엽층은 토양생물의 에너지원이 되고 안정한 서식처를 제공하기 때문에 토양호흡과 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제83권3호
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• pp.372-379
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• 1994

본 연구는 서로 다른 두가지 토양에서 천연갱신되어 자라고 있는 trembling aspen(Populus tremuloides Michx.) 임분의 수확이 토양미생물상 및 토양호흡률에 미치는 영향을 조사하며 토양호흡률이 토양미생물상 변이의 지표로 활용될 수 있는지에 대한 연구 결과이다. 다섯 가지의 수확처리(지상부 전체 임목수확, 겨울철 수확통로, 수확 잔재목 제거, 수확 잔재목 및 낙엽류 제거, 춘계 답압)를 1990년과 1991년 사이의 겨울 및 봄 사이에 시행하였고, 1991년 및 1992년의 2년간에 걸쳐 수확후 산림토양의 동태를 조사하였다. 각 임분의 토양형에 관계없이 토양호흡률은 수확후 약간 감소하거나 변동이 없었으나 미생물수는 수확후 2년동안 점차 증가하였다. 미생물수는 식질토양에서 보다 사질토양에서 보다 급속하고 지속적인 증가양상을 나타내었는데, 이것은 수확 결과 미생물 활성에 영향하는 토양의 이화학적 특성이 식질토양보다는 사질토양에서 큰 변화가 있었음을 시사한다. 그러나, 두가지 종류의 처리(세 수준의 유기물 제거 및 두 수준의 답압 처리)는, 두 지역 모두, 수확후 2년간의 미생물상이나 토양호흡률에 유의차를 나타내지 않았다. 본 연구의 대상임분이었던 trembling aspen은 수확후에도 뿌리의 활력이 떨어지지 않고 맹아발생을 위한 대사를 진행하여, 뿌리의 호흡과 미생물의 호흡을 포함하는 전체 토양 호흡에서 뿌리의 호흡이 차지하는 비율이 높은 결과를 낳아, 전체 토양호흡을 미생물의 활력도 변이의 지표로 활용하기 어려웠다.