• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.355-373
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• 2015

In this study the factors of fire damage are analyzed through previous research reviews. Local environmental factors as well as those factors attributed to fire damage (number of fire events, number of injured, number of death, economic loss) were selected to compose mutual relationship model. In order to verify this relationship model, official statistics concerning fire damage were collected from 228 local governments and compared with results from previous research. As a result of this comparison four dependent variables and 22 independent variables that affect fire damage were analyzed. Independent variables are divided into human vulnerability factors, physical vulnerability factors, economic vulnerability factors, mitigating factors and local characteristics. To analyze a relationship between selected dependent variables and independent variables, we applied a semi-logarithm model and performed regression analysis. Among the 22 independent variables, the number of the weak to disaster, social welfare service workers, workers in manufacturing industry, and the number of workers in restaurants and bars per 10,000 people show the significant correlation with the number of fire incidence. The number of death from fire is significantly related to two variables which are the number of social welfare service workers per 10,000 and the ratio of commercial area. Damage cost is significantly dependent on the property taxes per 10,000 people. These factors were included in the research model as vulnerability factors (human, physical, economic) and mitigating factors and local characteristics, and the validity of research model was verified. The result could contribute to fire-fighting resource allocation in Korea or they can be utilized in establishing fire prevention policy, which will enhance the national level of fire safety.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.1251-1257
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• 2008

For the first 42 days, we made rats obese by feeding them potato starch instead of corn starch and after that we fed them transformed potato starch by 4 groups for 70 days. The 4 groups are GPS group, SPS group, EZ group and H40 groups and each were fed normal potato, small potato, enzyme treated potato, and acid treated potato starches, respectively. We determined body weight and feeding efficiency, lipid profiles in serum, lipid peroxidation in tissues and redox antioxidant system as GSH and GP-x in vivo. As a result, there was no difference in the increment of body weight in the groups of GPS, EZ and H40. Therefore EZ group showed lower body weight increment than other groups. While GPS group and SPS group did not show significant difference in blood glucose, cholesterol level, LDL-cholesterol and TC, and their measured values were lower than those of EZ and H40 groups. No significant difference was found in HDL-cholesterol level except for GPS group. Furthermore, when calculating atherogenic index (AI) by HDL-cholesterol and TC contents, H40 group showed higher measured value than other groups. When measuring the lipid peroxidation in serum, kidney and liver tissues, the serum lipid peroxidation in H40 group was higher than others. In the tissue of liver and kidney, EZ and H40 groups showed significantly lower contents than others. The content of GSH showed different tendency in each tissue, but the measured value of GP-x activity was lower in SPS group.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

This study was carried out to compile year 2001 forest resource statistics for the State of Virginia. USA. Virginia has 15.8 million acres (6.4 million ha) of forested 1and, accounting for 62% of the landcover with non-industrial private forest landowners owning 77% of the forested area. Deciduous forests make up 78% of Virginia's forests. Total tree volume is 26.5 billion cubic ft, of which average volume per acre is $1.677ft^3/ac(117m^3/ha)$. The overall annual volume of roundwood output is $543\;million\;ft^3$. Tree growth exceeds removals by $271\;million\;ft^3$ each year for all species statewide. Average net forest land loss in Virginia is 20,000 acre (8,094 ha) per year. In 1999, the forest products industry contributed over $25.4 billion to Virginia's economy while providing over 248,000 jobs. Among forest industries logging contributes to the economy at over $863 million/yr; timber accounts for the greatest amount (28%) of the total market value of Virginia's agricultural crops. Revenue received from stumpage by landowners exceeded $345 million/yr. In their entirety. Virginia's forests provide over $30.5 billion in annual return. including $3 billion for recreation and $1.9 billion for carbon sequestation and pollution control.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.262-269
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage temperature on fruit quality attributes and physiological disorders including peel blackening in 'Sangjudungsi' persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit stored in air at -1, 0.5 or $3^{\circ}C$ for up to 3 months. Higher storage temperature reduced ethylene production but not respiration rate, compared with lower storage temperature. Flesh firmness decreased continuously as storage time passed but firmness was reduced rapidly in the fruits stored at higher storage temperature. Fresh weight loss increased at higher storage temperatures. Soluble solids content was higher at lower storage temperature than at higher storage temperature. All color variables ($L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$) were reduced by lower storage temperature, compared with higher storage temperature, regardless of tissue regions. Fruit softening increased as storage duration advanced and with the increase in storage temperature. Results indicated that the 'Sangjudungsi' persimmon fruits stored at higher storage temperature ($3^{\circ}C$) could not retain fruit quality properly on account of lower flesh firmness and higher incidence of peel blackening and fruit decay, compared with lower storage temperature.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2005

This study was designed to estimate effect of wood vinegar on meat quality in old Layer which was low production and low economic value. The old layer chickens were used to resource for income increase of layer farm and protein supply. Two hundred forty Isa Brown chickens were assigned with control(Broiler feed), Treatment 1 (Broiler feed with addition of domestic wood vinegar $0.8\%$) and Treatment 2(Broiler feed with addition of foreign wood vinegar $0.4\%$). Feed intake of control group was lower 3g than other treatments. This is the reason of result that what organic acid in wood vinegar of treatment groups affect to feed digestibility, The different of chicken production was depended on ingredient and included value of wood vinegar in domestic and foreign. Foreign wood vinegar have organic acids which that functionally act sexual Pheromone so that promote endocrine matter. This is reason that old Layer chicken increase to egg production rate. Treatment 2 group effect to thigh meat rather than breast meat and improve to value of crude fat and meat color. The Meat quality and sensory test of thigh meat of foreign wood vinegar was better appraise rather than that of domestic wood vinegar. Because foreign wood vinegar make to fine of meat tissue and to decline cooking loss and also to increase juiciness and tenderness on sensory test.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 2014

Copy number variation (CNV) is a form of structural variation that shows various numbers of copies in segments of the DNA. It has been shown to account for phenotypic variations in human diseases and agricultural production traits. Currently, most of chicken breeds in the poultry industry are based on European-origin breeds that have been mostly provided from several international breeding companies. Therefore, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA has been trying to restore and improve Korean native chicken breeds (12 lines of 5 breeds) for about 20 years. Thanks to the recent advance of sequencing technologies, genome-wide CNV can be accessed in the higher resolution throughout the genome of species of interest. However, there is no systematic study available to dissect the CNV in the native chicken breed in Korea. Here, we report genome-wide copy number variations identified from a genome of Korean native chicken (Line L) by comparing between the chicken reference sequence assembly (Gallus gallus) and a de novo sequencing assembly of the Korean native chicken (Line L). Throughout all twenty eight chicken autosomes, we identified a total of 501 CNVs; defined as gain and loss of duplication and deletion respectively. Furthermore, we performed gene ontology (GO) analysis for the putative CNVs using DAVID, leading to 68 GO terms clustered independently. Of the clustered GO terms, genes related to transcription and gene regulation were mainly detected. This study provides useful genomic resource to investigate potential biological implications of CNVs with traits of interest in the Korean native chicken.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.7 no.7
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• pp.896-904
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• 2004

In this paper, We present an efficient variable rate speech coder for spectral efficiency and packet processing technique for packet loss compensation of a voice codec with 10msec frame in VoIP service. Through disconnecting the users from the spectral resource during silence interval of about 60% period, a variable rate voice coder based on a voice activity detection(VAD) can increase spectral gain by two times. The performance of the method was analyzed by variation of detected voice activity factor and degraded speech frame ratio under various background noise level, and compared those of G.729B of ITU-T 8kbps standard speech codec. A method to compensate lost packets utilized addition of recovery data to a main stream and error concealment scheme for speech quality enhancement, the performance is verified by reconstructed speech quality. The proposed scheme can achieve spectral gain by two times or enhance speech quality by 3dB through reserved bandwidth of VAD. Therefore, the proposed method can enhance a spectral efficiency or speech quality of VoIP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.157-165
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the quality of dry-aged beef from cull Hanwoo cows slaughtered at 60 or 80 months old. Methods: A total of eight cull Hanwoo carcasses with a quality grade of 3 (low-grade) were selected and divided into two age groups: 63.5±2.5 months old (n = 4) and 87.8±4.5 months old (n = 4). Whole longissimus thoracis et lumborum from the 11th rib to the last lumbar vertebrae, including the back fat, was removed from the carcass at 24 h postmortem and aged for 50 days in darkness at a temperature of 2℃±1℃, a relative humidity of 85% and an air flow of 2 m/s. The sampling was performed aseptically after 0, 20, 24, 40, and 50 days of aging. Results: Regardless of the aging period, aging increased the lightness (p<0.05), redness (p<0.05) and yellowness (p<0.05) at initial blooming (90 min after slicing) and the overall acceptance (p<0.05). No further tenderization effect was found after 20 days of aging, but aging for 50 days significantly increased the lipid oxidation (p<0.05). The generation of aroma volatiles in the roast steak from aged samples was higher (p<0.05) than that of non-aged samples. No significant effect of age at slaughter was found on the color, pH, water-holding capacity, cooking loss, shear force value, bacterial counts, volatile basic nitrogen, consumer acceptance, lipid oxidation, fatty acid composition or aroma volatiles. Conclusion: The quality of dry-aged beef obtained from cull Hanwoo cows slaughtered at either 60 or 80 months old with similar quality grade was comparable and extending dry aging for more than 40 days is not recommended considering the costs and further lipid oxidation.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1588-1596
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• 2015

In the Internet of Things (IoT), resource-constrained devices such as sensors are capable of communicating and exchanging data over the Internet. The IETF standard group has specified an application protocol CoAP, which uses UDP as a transport protocol, allows such a lightweight device to transmit data. Also, the IETF recommended the DTLS binding for securing CoAP. However, additional features should be added to the DTLS protocol to resolve several problems such as packet loss, reordering, fragmentation and replay attack. Consequently, performance of DTLS is worse than TLS. It is highly required for lightweight devices powered by small battery to design and implement a security protocol in an energy efficient manner. This paper thus discusses about DTLS performance in the perspective of energy consumption. To analyze the performance, we implemented IEEE 802.15.4 based test network consisting of constrained sensor devices in the Cooja simulator. We measured energy consumptions required for each of DTLS client and server in the test network. This paper compares the energy consumption and amount of transmitted data of each flight of DTLS handshake, and the processing and receiving time. We present the analyzed results with regard to code size, cipher primitive and fragmentation as well.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2007

Quality evaluations of seasoning chicken wing treated with pine needles during storage of 6 days at $4^{\circ}C$ were assessed. Seasoning chicken containing 0.5-1.3% (w/w) pine needle during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ was allowed to the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. pH values of seasoning chicken containing pine needles after 6 days of storage were not significantly different (p>0.05) than those of the controls. The rate of drip loss on seasoning chicken containing pine needles after 24 hr of storage was significantly different (p<0.05) than that of the controls. Sensory scores of seasoning chicken containing 0.8-1.3% pine needles for odor and flavor were in the "liked more" to typical category during storage of 6 days at $4^{\circ}C$. For odor and flavor scores, seasoning chicken containing 1.0-1.3% pine needles compared to the controls and other treatments increased during storage days due to fresh odor of pine needles. Seasoning chicken containing 0.5-1.3% pine needles after 6 days of storage were no significantly different levels (p>0.05) of Hunter color $L^*$ values compared to controls. Hunter color $a^*$ and $b^*$ values of seasoning chicken containing 0.5-1.3% pine needles after 6 days of storage were significantly different (p<0.05) than those of the controls.