• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.45
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• pp.220-249
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• 2001

In order to understand the provision of social welfare in Korea, this study puts forward a method to measure and tracks the welfare mix, and applies the method to Korea. This is the goal of this study, which is in three parts. First, I critically review the concept of welfare pluralism and develop the welfare mix model, Second, I present a methodology and technique for measuring and systematically comparing the components of the welfare mix. Third, I examine the roles of five welfare providers including state, market, non-profit organization, enterprise and family in the welfare mix of Korea. This study argues that the welfare mix in Korea has some characteristics of 'residual state, expanded market, negligible voluntary sector, and protective family'. The state in Korea has played a relatively little role in the provision of social welfare, enforcing most Koreans being with a meagre social protection. Thus, most of the 'left' needs for social welfare has to be met in the private sector composed of market and enterprises. In addition, in a situation that self/mutual help through family or community is encouraged, the family has played an important role in the welfare mix. But the role of voluntary sector in the welfare mix has remained negligible. Consequently, the characteristics of the welfare mix in Korea can be best described by a welfare society rather than a welfare state.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.57-79
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• 2011

Universalism has received a considerable amount of attention in recent discussion of Korea welfare state. This paper explores tensions between universal, selective and residual welfare policies in Korea. It argues that selective welfare policies are useful allies for developing the universal welfare state. At the same time, principles of universalism are always formed in particular socioeconomic and historical contexts, and reflect the solidarity of various social stratifications or classes. This implies that the principles must be regarded as open to contestation, reformulation and change. The way to develope universal welfare state in Korea shouldn't follow the path observed in the Western welfare states. Korean society needs to find its own principles and path to develop a universal welfare state.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.49-66
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• 2015

The purpose of the study was to review literature on universal and residual services of early family-intervention. The review was focused on early family-intervention cases proven effective in empowering children, parents and families, which, in turn, brought about positive synergy effects to the community at large. Literature review was presented in the following order: first, the universal needs for early family-intervention; second, critical components and strategies of early family-intervention for successful outcomes; third, on-going international projects of early family-intervention, both universal and residual services, proven effective on a long-term basis. In conclusion, findings of the study were summarized and the theoretical, practical and political implications for Korean society were further discussed.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.213-239
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• 2010

The purpose of this research is to explore the explanatory factors of preference for the universality of the welfare system at the time of expanding the welfare system. In particular, considering endogenous problem that may occur in the process of analyzing the causal relationship between subjective perception and preference for welfare policy, the 2SLS regression analysis using instrument variables was attempted in this research. The key findings of this research were as follow. First, the groups who are opposed to the welfare state expansion, for example high income earners, low risk group, and employer/self-employer, prefer the more universal welfare systems. Second, the negative perception of welfare policy and recipients, which is stronger in older generation who experienced a much longer period of industrializaion, have a negative effect on preference for the universal welfare system. Last, we find that the endogenous problem arise in this research and distort the estimated regression coefficients. Therefore, subsequent studies must be mindful of this problem when they explain attitudes with attitudes.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.189-197
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• 2020

Objectives: Our aim was to answer the following questions: (1) Can mental health variance be partitioned to individual and higher levels (e.g., neighborhood and district); (2) How much (as a percentage) do individual-level determinants explain the variability of mental health at the individual-level; and (3) How much do determinants at the neighborhood- or district-level explain the variability of mental health at the neighborhood- or district-level? Methods: We used raw data from the second round of the Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool in Tehran (in 2012-2013, n=34 700 samples nested in 368 neighborhoods nested in 22 districts) and the results of the official report of Tehran's Center of Studies and Planning (in 2012-2013, n=22 districts). Multilevel linear regression models were used to answer the study questions. Results: Approximately 40% of Tehran residents provided responses suggestive of having mental health disorders (30-52%). According to estimates of residual variance, 7% of mental health variance was determined to be at the neighborhood-level and 93% at the individual-level. Approximately 21% of mental health variance at the individual-level and 49% of the remaining mental health variance at the neighborhood-level were determined by determinants at the individual-level and neighborhood-level, respectively. Conclusions: If we want to make the most effective decisions about the determinants of mental health, in addition to considering the therapeutic perspective, we should have a systemic or contextual view of the determinants of mental health.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.153-171
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• 2011

The welfare system and the direction of the welfare policy have been unable to escape greatly from the frame of the past against the facts that the external environments of the national economy of the world including Korea have been changing in quick and rapid speed. Such results have caused the issues related with the welfare, economy and society ended in the ideological collision in connection with the goals of the policy, the right agreement between the policies lacked, and the intervention and conflict between the interest group concerning the policy continued. Social policy of Korea in the past had the level of complementing the parts which could not be solved through the growth. Employment creation had been achieved continuously backed up by the high rate of growth. And the low aging level, the young population structure, and the high rate of childbirth had been the structures that made such achievement possible. New economic, social and welfare environment at home and abroad has been requesting new change in welfare policy. Goal of the economic and social policy is to construct the safe economic and social system. And what has been requested has been the formation of the economic and social policy orienting the welfare nation in form of social investment and welfare expansion. Also the direction in strengthening the welfare system of Korea shall have the balance between the protection and activation strength with the necessity of converting to the prevention welfare from the post welfare. Also the public part, market, the 3rd sector and the share of the role of an individual shall be achieved. And what is needed is the achievement of the transfer from the paradigm of residual welfare to the universal welfare. And such improvements of the welfare system will be able to elevate the possible continuity of the system in long term basis through the improvement of the welfare system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.294-308
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• 2009

It is growing a necessity of consideration and management to the relevant policies for the elderly Patriots and Veterans systematically in order to increase the life-supported services since the rapid growth of the aging society. It is difficult to ensure the outcome of cost-effectiveness about the policies because of the residual welfare view and the limitation of the government budget in terms of the traditional Bohun(Korean independent movement activists, veterans and sacrificed advocators for democratization) service, though. In addition, it is not realized the individual activity and daily life-supported services yet to the elderly Patriots & Veterans since the concentration of security income and medical care. Accordingly, it is proper to quest a new Bohun policy from the traditional residual welfare view to universal or ubiquitous welfare service, which will enable them to get the various care service benefit in terms of cost-effectiveness. In this vein, the study is trying to figure out the alternative supply mechanism in-home care service to the elderly Patriots and Veterans; especially, the study emphasizes on the linkage between the regional social welfare service system and Bohun welfare service system.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• no.37
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• pp.117-144
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• 2008

This is a timeseries study on the riving forces behind the changes of Korean welfare state. There are a few previous studies on the determinants of korean welfare state. These previous studies have some limitations in terms of reliability of the data source and validity of the statistical method used. Using the Comparative Social Policy Data-set(CSPD), we try to overcome the limitation of these previous studies. And adapting the time series regression, we examine the hypotheses about the changes of korean welfare state. In this study, four dependent variables are examined: the ratio of public social welfare expenditure to the GDP(WELGDP), the ratio of public social welfare expenditure to the government budget(WELGOV), the ratio of social expenditure to the GDP(SOCX), social welfare expenditure per capita. And independent variables were selected based on the theoretical background on the changes of welfare state. The results of this study as follows: First, the variables based on structural functionalism (industrialization) are the major driving forces behind the changes of korean welfare state since 1960s. Second, the effect of unemployment variable may be reasonably interpreted as reflecting the residual characteristics of korean welfare state. Third, the politics of the left based on power resource theory should be restrictedly interpreted. Ultimately, korean welfare state is still at rudimentary stage where the theory of industrialization is well applied as a driving forces behind the changes of welfare state.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.275-306
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• 2018

Amid a general rise in protectionism and a trade war between the world's two largest economies, this paper analyzes changes in gains from trade for the world over a decade marked by rapid global economic integration preceding the global financial crisis of 2007-08. It employs state-of-the-art quantitative trade models based on the gravity equation to estimate autarky gains from trade, as well as a recently introduced ANOVA-type structural estimation of the gravity equation to obtain trade costs free of residual trade cost bias. Between 1995 and 2006, the cost of moving to autarky increased by about 45% on average. A decomposition exercise suggests most of the increase in autarky gains from trade on average was due to increases in import shares in total spending, with a limited role for reallocations of spending across sectors with varied trade elasticities. Changes in trade costs between 1995 and 2006 are found to have increased autarky gains from trade, as measured in 2006, by up to 100%.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2006

We propose a new method of masking cloud-affected pixels in satellite ocean color imageries such as of GLI. Those pixels, mostly found around cloud pixels or in scattered cloud area, have anomalous features in either in chlorophyll-a estimate or in water reflectance. This artifact is most likely caused by residual error of inter-band registration correction. Our method is to check the pixel-wise 'soundness' of the spectral water reflectance Rw retrieved after the atmospheric correction. First, we define two spectral ratio between water reflectance, IRR1 and IRR2, each defined as RW(B1)/RW (B3) RW (B3) and as RW (B2)/RW(B4) respectively, where $B1{\sim}B4$ stand for 4 consecutive visible bands. We show that an almost linear relation holds over log-scaled IRR1 and IRR2 for shipmeasured RW data of SeaBAM in situ data set and for GLI cloud-free Level 2 sub-scenes. The method we propose is to utilize this nature, identifying those pixels that show significant discrepancy from that relationship. We apply this method to ADEOS-II/GLI ocean color data to evaluate the performance over Level-2 data, which includes different water types such as case 1, turbid case 2 and coccolithophore bloom waters.