• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.48-59
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• 1989

The study was designed. to analyse the factors effecting to smoking and drinking of community people in rural area. The study has been surveyed through interviews by trained college students for 1,846 residents who live in rural area(Eup or Myun office is located)for 20days(from 3rd. to 22M. in August, 1988) The summary and conclusions are as follows. 1. The number of answers on the questionaires was 1846. And the percent of man was 55.7 %(woman 44.3 %). Among age group 20-29 years group with 30.4 % was larger than any other group. Anaverage age of answers was 38.6 years. 2.In the period of residence, 21.5 % of the residents lived within 5 years(This group was larger than any other group). In occupations, workers in agriculture and fishing was more than other job occupants. In education, the percent of high school graduates was 44.0 %(higher than any other group) 3.The smoking rate of rural residents was 41.8 %and man's smoking rate was 76.0 % (woman's smoking rate was 7.6 %). These rates were higher than the rates in 1985 (The smoking rate of nation was 32.0 %). First of all, woman's smoking rate increased rapidly 4.As for smoking amount, in male 52.8% of smokers smoked a cigarette case (20 cigarettes) in a day, and 16.9 % of smokers smoked more than one cigarette case. In female 42.5 % of woman smokers smoked a half case in a day and the rate of non-smokers diminished to 77.8 % 5.The rate of non-smokers in 21-29 years group was higher than any other group and a smoking rate increased as an age increased. However, a smoking amount decreased as an age increased. This suggests that people are more concerning about their health as their ages increase.. 6.The smoking rate of college graduates was 58.8 %(higher than any other group) and in a smoking amount 36.4 % of college graduates, 29.8 % of high school graduates smoked more than a cigarette case in a day. This shows that people in a higher education group smoke more than those in other groups. 7.As for non-smoking rate, students, service job workers, company employees, and teachers was 54.1%, 43.4%. 40.1% and 39.5%. respectively. As for smoking rate, workers in agriculture and fishing was the highest level of all job employees. Public officers smoked less than the workers in agriculture and the smoking rate of teachers was less than that of public officers. with regard to smoking amount. above one cigarette case in a day was 39.9 % in public officers, 39.2 % workers in agriculture and fishing, 37.9 % in businessmen, 34.2 % in teachers, 31.9 % in service job employees and 31.6 % in a company employees. 8.The variables which had an effect on smoking were sex (B=.1701), job(B=.1688), education(B=.1671), age(B=.1125). These variables were significant in P＜0.05 statistically. Explanatory variance level was 19% 9.The drinking rate of community residents was 61.8% and man's drinking rate was 81.7%(woman's drinking rate was 38.9%). As drinking rate 18.0%(the highest rate) of man drinkers drank 3 bottles of beer in a general drinking and 12.1% of them drank more than 10 bottles. 12.1% (the highest rate)of woman drinkers drank 2 cups of beer. The rising rate of woman's drinking of alcohol was remarkable. 10.Each non-drinking rate of age groups was 27.6% (in 20-30 years group), 28.0% (in 30-39 years group), 28.9%(in 40-49 years group) and 32,6%(in 50-59 years group), 10,7%(the highest rate) of 20-29 and 30-39 years groups drank above 3 bottles. 7.5% of 20-29 years group and 7.7% of 30-39 years group drank above 10 bottles. In 40-49 years group, 14.4 % of them drank a bottle and 8.1% of them drank above 10 bottles. In 50-59years group, 14,2% of them drank 2 bottles and 5.3 % of them drank above 10 bottles. This shows that a drinking rate decresed as an age increased. 11.Non-drinking rate was higher as an education level was lower. Each non-drinking rate of non-educated group, elementary school group, middle school group and high school group was 41.0 % of high school graduates and 14.5 % of college graduates drank 3 bottles of beer. 9.7 %(the highest rate) of college graduates drank above 10 bottles, in general drinking. 12.Each non-drinking rate of businessmen, farmers, service job workers, and students was 31.3%, 28.2%, 26.8% and 25.9%. However, Each drinking rate of public officers, company employees and teachers was 73.3 %, 72.2 % and 68.4 %. This tells us that the drinking rate of mental workers is higher than that of physical workers. 14.9 % of farmers and 14.4 % of public officers drank 3 bottles at a time. 10.5 % of teachers and 9.9 % of public officers drank above 10 bottles. 13.The variables which affect on drinking were sex(B=.1545), education(B=.1476), job(B=.1064), and age(B=.1052). These variables were significant in the level of 0.05 % and explanatory variance level was 18 %. 14.Government have to educate people and demonstrate the health hazards caused by smoking and over-drinking. Especially, No-smoking campaign for woman and education not to over drink for professional job workers are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.53-67
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• 2022

This study started from recognizing the need to study place identity from the perspective of residents experiencing the place in daily life. The subject area of the study, Shin-Cheorwon, Galmal-eup, Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do area, had a low population until the division of Korea in 1945. Since then, the residents have created the milieu under Shin-Cheorwon's regional historic and cultural context. Thus, the study on this area can show the formation of the interrelationship of the region and residents. The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning and identity of the everyday places of Shin-Cheorwon. Photovoice was chosen as the method for successful Participatory Research; Participant's active intervention stage, 'Documentation (4th step)', Narration (5th step), researcher's analysis stage 'Ideation (6th step)' were specifically used. As a result, the following characteristic of the places chosen by participants could be found: the meaning and relationship with the residents, similarities, and differences in people shown based on their age, length of residence, etc. Through this, participants recollected the past places, found the meaning of the place of the present, and deduced the placeness that Shin-Cheorwon should have in the future. The study identified the place identity that holds the perspective of the residents in their daily life and provides implications on the follow-up studies of place identity. In addition, it is expected that it will apply to urban planning and spatial design in further studies of how residents perceive the space formed by urban development using photovoice methodology.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.3 s.62
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• pp.424-439
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• 1998

Urinary cadmium is used as a sensitive indicator for internal Cd dose, and increased excretion of $N-acetyl-\beta-D-glucosaminidase(NAG)$, $\beta_2-microglobulin(MG)$ and total protein are useful indices for renal dysfunction by chronic exposure to Cd. The target group was 184 inhabitant(82 men and 102 women) in an abandoned mine area known as exposure to low level Cd. The control group was took 160 individuals(64 men and 96 women) in Cd not-exposed area. Urinary Cd concentration was significantly higher in the target group than the control. The geometric mean of urinary Cd for male was $2.56{\mu}g/\ell,\;2.80{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $2.50{\mu}g/S.G.$ in the target group and $1.19{\mu}g/\ell,\;1.36{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $1.17{\mu}g/S.G.$ in the control. For female $2.69{\mu}g/\ell,\;3.94{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $2.63{\mu}g/S.G.$ in the target group and $1.27{\mu}g/\ell,\;1.97{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $1.25{\mu}g/S.G.$ in the control, respectively. In addition, urinary Cd of the target group had affected by the period of residence and dietary habit for the rice and the vegetables from the target area. These findings suggest the chronic exposure to Cd of the target population. Mean excretion of urinary NAG, $\beta_2-MG$ and total protein were not significant between two groups. In the target group, urinary NAG activity and total protein were significantly correlated with urinary Cd, but $\beta_2-MG$ was not related. Urinary excretion of NAG, $\beta_2-MG$ and total protein were significantly increased in $10\leqq$ than in <2 of urinary Cd level. In $2\sim10$ group of urinary Cd level, the excretion of NAG significantly increased while not showed for $\beta_2-MG$. In present study, urinary excretion of NAG was relatively sensitive than $\beta_2-MG$ in chronic exposure population to low level Cd.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.101-118
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• 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the utilization rate of neighborhood parks and green spaces increased significantly, and the outbreak served as an opportunity to highlight the values and functions of neighborhood parks and green spaces for urban residents. This study aims to empirically analyze how citizens' movement and the use of neighborhood parks and green spaces changed before and after COVID-19 and examine the social and spatial characteristics that affected these changes. As a research method, first, people's mobility around neighborhood parks and green spaces before and after the COVID-19 pandemic were compared using signal data from telecommunication carriers. Through the analysis of changes in residence time and movement volume, the movement characteristics of citizens after COVID-19 and changes in walking-based park visits were examined. Second, the factors affecting the mobility change in neighborhood parks and green spaces were analyzed. The social and spatial characteristics that affect citizens' visits to neighborhood parks and green spaces before and after COVID-19 were examined through correlation and multiple regression analysis. Subsequently, through cluster analysis, the types of living areas for the post-COVID era were classified from the perspective of the supply and management of neighborhood parks and green spaces services, and directions for improving neighborhood parks and green spaces by type were presented. Major research findings are as follows: First, since the outbreak of COVID-19, activities within 500m of the residence have increased. The amount of stay and walking movement increased in both 2020 and 2021, which means that the need to review the quantitative standards and attractions of neighborhood parks and green spaces has increased considering the changed scope of the walking and living area. Second, the overall number of visits to neighborhood parks and green spaces by walking has increased since the outbreak of COVID-19. The number of visits to neighborhood parks and green spaces centered on the house and the workplace increased significantly. The park green policy in the post-COVID era should be promoted by discovering underprivileged areas, focusing on areas where residential, commercial, and business facilities are concentrated, and improving neighborhood parks and green services in quantitative and qualitative terms. Third, it was found that the higher the level of park green service, the higher the amount of walking movement. It is necessary to use indicators that contribute to improving citizens' actual park green services, such as walking accessibility, rather than looking at the criteria for securing green areas. Fourth, as a result of cluster analysis, five types of neighborhood parks and green spaces were derived in response to the post-COVID era. This suggests that it is necessary to consider the socioeconomic status and characteristics of living areas and the level of park green services required in future park green policies. This study has academic and policy significance in that it has laid the basis for establishing neighborhood parks and green spaces policy in response to the post-COVID era by using various analysis methodologies such as carrier signal data analysis, GIS analysis, and statistical analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.74-83
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• 2005

The Riparian Buffer Zone has many potential values including the preservation of water quality as well as being ecologically friendly. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the landscape structure index of the Riparian Buffer Zone in the Kyoung-an stream and to produce base information necessary for proper management. The study used aerial images that were applied to geometric corrections for a time series from 1966 to 2000 for land data and also used FRAGSTATS, which is a type of ARCVIEW extension module, as an analysis tool. An analysis of land use change and the Landscape Index revealed that the area of farm land has decreased and that the area of residential property has increased. In addition, there was a slight change for land used for purposes other than farming or for residence. The results of analyzing the Landscape Structure Index, revealed that the NP has increased from 437 in 1966 to 695 in 2000. This data reveals that the change of land use is influenced by various artificial factors. The NPS, which represents the declining degree of patch, decreased from 9.441 to 5.934, revealing that the change of land use has been progressing considerably. In regard to forest areas, land use reduced somewhat but did not indicate a significant change. Therefore, an analysis of the total index reveals that the edge of patch has become more complicated and that the variation index of patch has increased significantly. However, this study reveals that barriers to block pollution have weakened as a result and that there is a need to concentrate on the implementation and the management of the Riparian Buffer Zone. Consequently, this study reveals that substantial research is necessary in order to carry out the proper management of the Riparian Buffer Zone, especially in light of the distribution type of each patch and the change in conditions regarding them.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.160-170
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to perform clustering of the habitat types and to identify the characteristics of species in the habitat types using mammal data (70,562) of the 3rd National Ecosystem Survey conducted from 2006 to 2012. The 15 habitat types recorded in the field-paper of the 3rd National ecosystem survey were reclassified, which was followed by the statistical analysis of mammal habitat types. In the habitat types cluster analysis, non-hierarchical cluster analysis (k-means cluster analysis), hierarchical cluster analysis, and non-metric multidimensional scaling method were applied to 14 habitat types recorded more than 30 times. A total of 7 Orders, 16 Families, and 39 Species of mammals were identified in the 3rd National Ecosystem Survey collected nationwide. When 11 clusters were classified by habitat types, the simple structure index was the highest (ssi = 0.07). As a result of the similarities and hierarchies between habitat types suggested by the hierarchical clustering analysis, the residential areas were the most different habitat types for mammals; the next following type was a cluster together with rivers and coasts. The results of the non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis demonstrated that both Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus restrictively appeared in a residential area, which is the most discriminating habitat type. Lutra lutra restrictively appeared in coastal and river areas. In summary, according to our results, the mammalian habitat can be divided into the following four types: (1) the forest type (using forest as the main habitat and migration route); (2) the river type (using water as the main habitat); (3) the residence habitat (living near residential area); and (4) the lowland type (consuming grain or seeds as the main feeding resource).

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.45-58
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• 2019

The government is recently pushing for five large-scale public housing sites near Seoul, the so-called third wave of new towns. In this regard, this study sought to analyze the key considerations in planning new towns from the perspective of the residents who are the consumers, using survey data. For this purpose, frequency analysis and variance analysis(ANOVA) were conducted on existing first and second era of new towns and the third era of new towns scheduled for construction. Eight indicators, such as environmental comfort, self-sufficiency such as jobs, transportation access and convenience, were set as subordinate variables, and characteristics of residents, including gender, age, number of households, household income, occupation, and residential areas, were set as explanatory variables. According to the analysis, the respondents rated the first era of new towns more positively than the second era of new towns. For self-sufficiency items such as jobs, both the first and second era of new towns showed low levels. In addition, for the eight indicators, the first era of new towns were no significant differences depending on gender, number of households, or household income, and the second era of new towns were no significant differences by the number of households, household income, occupations or place of residence. However, for new towns in the third period, the assessment of the importance of each indicator by age, number of households, household income and occupation showed significant differences. The results of the multi-comparison analysis of the third era of new towns showed that the importance of environmental comfort was highly valued by the youth, the managerial/professional/clerical position, single or five more persons of household, and the youth, high income household, the managerial/professional/clerical position when it comes to accessibility and convenience of transportation. It suggests that various personal characteristics and demands for each of the planning indicators need to be considered in planning for the third era of new towns.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 2013

This study was to suggest cultural landscape preservation, value creation, as well as utilization plan to help landscape development of Hahoe village by identify the existence of Okyeonsipyeong(玉淵十詠) natural features, which were set around Buyongdae(芙蓉臺) in Hahoe Village by Seoae(西崖) Ryu, Seongryong(柳成龍), and understanding their characteristics and meanings of natural features and meanings. Based on the writings of "Okyeonseodanggi" and "Okyeonsipyeong", the major results of this study are as belows. 'Okyeon(玉淵)' letters carved on the rocks, also known as the name of pavilion in Okyeonjeongsa(玉淵精舍), is the center of Okyeonsipyeong that symbolizes the enlightenment of clean noble man, as well as the symbolic locational expression of studying room. One of Okyeonsipyeong, 'Wansimjae', is assumed to be the name from the combination of two Buddhist names, 'Wanjeok(玩寂)' and 'Seshim(洗心)', 'Dangho(堂號)', lined on both sides with Wonlakjae, the residence of Seoae, as the center. Wansimjae is after all the natural feature indicating the overall Okyeonjeongsa as the core of Okyeonsipyeong with west edge Gyeomamjeongsa(謙巖精舍). Among ten Okyeonsipyeong natural features, Wansimjae(玩心齋), Ganjukmun(看竹門), Gyeomamsa(謙菴舍), Dalgwandae(達觀臺), Ssangsongae(雙松厓), and Dohwacheon (桃花遷) are on the right side of the stairway from Okyeonjeongsa to Gyeomamjeongsa, while Chuwoldam(秋月潭), Neungpadae(凌波臺), Gyeseonam(繫船巖), and Jijuam(砥柱巖) are on the road to the cliff under river cliff in Buyongdae as well as to the dock, and all are located within 500m radius close and diameter area. As the results of lexeme and context analyses of Okyeonsipyeong poet, they are mainly about Confucian teachings symbolizing the constancy of the classical scholar including ego becoming one with the nature and back to the nature, unworldliness and farsighted view, transcendence and seclusion, as well as integrity spirit. In Dohwacheon and Gyeomamsa poets, there is Tao characteristics and brotherhood that pursue fairylands such as Mooreungdowon(武陵桃源). To create tourism brand and landscape of Okyeonsipyeong, it is necessary to prepare storytelling plans including the letters carved on the rocks introduction in Buyongdae area, and also synopsis of the Silgyeongsusang musical, 'Buyongjiae(芙蓉之愛)' that is related to 10 natural features. In addition, the related plans of the experience road from Gyeseonam, which is the boat stop in Buyongdae, to Ganjukmun of Okyeonjeongsa, and again to viewing routes on the stairways to Gyeomamjeongsa using boats are necessary. For preliminary preservation and maintenance plans, the safety of the stairway from Okyeonjeongsa to Gyeomamjeongsa should be secured, the rock inscription should be preserved, landscape interpretation plates should be installed, trees and shrubs around Dohwacheon rock inscription should be removed, Dalgwandae letters carved on the rocks should be restored, and the bamboo forest outside Ganjukmun as well as Prunus persica plantation around Dohwacheon should be pointed out.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.87-104
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• 2004

This study selected the fifth and sixth graders of elementary school in Jeollanamdo who can express their opinions of safety consciousness and understand the items of questionnaire as the population. It selected 10 elementary schools under the supervision of Jeonnam Board of Education and sampled 700 students randomly from 2-3 classes in the 5th and the 6th grade. One preliminary survey was conducted to revise and complement the contents and forms of questionnaire with 70 students of a school from Apr. 1 to 6, 2004 and this study was conducted from Apr. 10 to 30, 2004. Data of this study were collected by explaining the purport of study to subjects after obtaining approval of principal and teacher of the school and distributing questionnaires. Total 700 questionnaires were distributed and 681 were collected (97%) and 602 were used for final analysis except 79 lacking responses. The results of this study are as follows. According to demographical characteristics of subjects, 'male' students were 302(50.%) and 'female' students were 300(49.8%) by sex and 'the 5th graders' were 285(47.3%) and 'the 6th graders' were 317(52.7%) in grade distribution. Residents at 'apartment house' were 406(67.4%) in residence type, 'going to school by foot' was 477 students(79.2%), 'high school graduates' were 297(49.3%) in fathers' education, 'high school graduates' were 366 (60.8%) in mothers' education, 'professional and office workers' were 231(38.4%) in fathers' job, 'full-time workers' were 283(47.0%) in mothers' job, and the number of siblings was one except myself in 343 students(57.0%). Respondents on the level of class showing 'good' were 340(56.5%) and those on the degree of adaptation to school life showing 'active' were 349(58.0%). On the characteristics related to safety education, 360(59.8%) responded it was 'very necessary', on the frequency of safety education at school for last one year, 339(56.3%) responded they had 'once or twice', on the frequency of safety education by parents, 279(46.3%) responded they 'often' had it, on the level of safety practice by parents, 347(57.6%) responded they practiced it 'frequently', on the source of knowledge of safety, 223(37.0%) responded they got it from 'parents, siblings and relatives', on the degree of recognizing the need of safety education textbooks, 295(38.5%) responded 'it was needed', on the recognition of necessity of teacher for safety education, 271(45.0%) answered it was very necessary', and on the recognition of qualification of teacher for safety education, 370(61.5%) answered it was 'paramedic'. The mean score of safety consciousness of subjects was 2.72 (SD. 21) of full score 3, having high score over mean score. According to each area, the area showing the highest safety consciousness was safety of fire(2.83), followed by home safety(2.76) and first-aid treatment(2.76), traffic safety(2.71), play and leisure safety(2.66) and school safety(2.56). Items showing statistical differences in the degree of safety consciousness according to demographical characteristics were sex(t=-3.11, p=.002), education(t=2.33, p=.021) and number of siblings(F=3.729, p=.011). In the difference of safety consciousness between both sexes, 'female' students(2.75) showed higher safety consciousness than 'male' students (2.69), and the former also showed higher safety consciousness than the latter in all six areas of school safety, play and leisure safety, traffic safety, fire safety, home safety and first-aid treatment, and there were statistical differences in the areas of play and leisure safety, traffic safety, fire safety and first-aid treatment. According to the differences of safety consciousness by grade, 'the fifth graders'(2.74) showed higher safety consciousness than 'the sixth graders'(2.70) and the former also showed higher safety consciousness than the latter in all six areas of school safety, play and leisure safety, traffic safety, fire safety, home safety and first-aid treatment, and there were statistical differences in the areas of fire safety and home safety. In the safety consciousness by the number of siblings, 'single son or daughter' (2.78) was highest and their safety consciousness was also highest in all six areas of school safety, play and leisure safety, traffic safety, fire safety, home safety and first-aid treatment, and there were statistical differences in the areas of school safety, fire safety and home safety, There were statistically remarkable differences in degree of adaptation to school life (F=15.349, p=.000) and perceived schooling level(F=9.552, p=.000). According to the degree of safety consciousness related to characteristics of safety education, there were statistical differences at the degree of recognizing the need of safety education(F=9.797, p=.000), degree of safety education at school(F=2.595, p=.006), degree of safety education by parents(F=12.709, p=.000), degree of practicing safety by parents(F=17.579, p=.000), source of knowledge of safety education (F=2,715, p=.044), necessity of safety education textbooks(F=3.972, p=.008), need of safety teacher(F=4.137, p=.006) and qualification standard of safety teacher(F=3.016, p=.029).

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.395-406
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• 2002

The sixty natural springs and community wells used as a drinking water in the Daejeon area are mainly located at the parks and the natural green districts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of water quality and the contamination of the springs and the wells, and to suggest the management strategy for the springs and wells. For this study, we undertook water quality data from Daejeon City. According to the statistic analysis of water quality data, unacceptable rate as a drinking water was about 28 percent in 1999 and 24.5 percent in 2000, respectively. Major unacceptable factor is coliform, and others are bacteria, yersinia, color, turbidity, Fe and F. The unacceptable rate shows a roughly positive relationship with precipitation, that is, it shows highest rate during a rainy season between June and September. The major contamination source is likely to be the excrement of wild animals around natural springs and wells. Most of springs are vulnerable to the contamination of coliform and bacteria because of short residence time and shallow circulation in subsurface environment. The water samples collected from 31 springs or wells show weak acidic pHs, the electrical conductivity ranging from 63 to 357 $\mu\textrm{S}$/cm, and the hydrochemical types of Na(Ca)-HC0$_3$ and Ca-HC0$_3$. The groundwater samples of low total dissolved solid(TDS) belong to Na(Ca)-HC0$_3$. type, and the groundwater of high total dissolved solid is shifted towards Ca-HC0$_3$ type in the chemical composition. These hydrochemical characteristics indicate that most natural springs is in the early stage of geochemical evolution. The natural springs should be closed during a rainy season, which shows a high contamination rate. We suggest that a protection barrier around the springs should be built to keep wild animals away from the springs.