• 무역상무연구
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• 제42권
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• pp.133-160
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• 2009

In International trade the buyer and seller are normally separated from on another not only by distance but also by differences in language and culture. It is rarely possible for the performance of obligations to be simultaneous and the performance of contracts therefore calls for trust in a situation in which the parties are unlikely to feel able to trust each other unless they have a longstanding and successful relationship. Thus the seller under an international contract of sale will not wish to surrender documents of title to goods to the buyer until he has at least an assurance of payment, and no buyer will wish to pay for goods until he has received them. A gap of distrust thus exists which is often bridged by the undertaking of an intermediary known and trusted by both parties who will undertake on his own liability to pay the seller the contract price in return for the documents of title and then pass the documents to the buyer in return for the reimbursement. This is a common explanation of the theory behind the documentary letter of credit in which the undertaking of a bank of international repute serves as a "guarantee" to each party that the other will perform his obligations. The independence principle, also referred to as the "autonomy principle", is at the core of letter of credit or bank guarantee law. This principle provides that the letter of credit or bank guarantee is independent of the underlying contractual commitment - that is, the transaction that the credit is intented to secure - between the applicant and the beneficiary ; the credit is also independent of the relationship between the bank and its customer, the applicant. The most important exception to the independence principle is the doctrine of fraud in the transaction. A strict interpretation of the rule that the guarantee is independent of the underlying transaction would lead to the conclusion that neither fraud nor manifest abuse of rights by the beneficiary would constitute an objection to payment. There is one major problem related to "Independent guarantees", namely abusive or unfair callings. The beneficiary may make an unfair calling under the guarantee. The countermeasure of beneficiary's unfair calling divided three cases. First, advance countermeasure namely by contract. In other words, when the formation of the contract, the parties must insert the Force Majeure Clause, Arbitration Clause to Contract, and clear statement to the condition for demand calling. Second, post countermeasure namely by court. Many countries, including the United States, authorize the courts to grant an order enjoining the issuer from paying or enjoining the beneficiary from receiving payment under the guaranty letter. Third, Export Insurance. For example, the Export Credit Guarantees Department is prepared, subject to certain conditions, to cover the risk of unfair calling. Of course, KEIC in Korea is cover the risk of the all things for guarantees. On international projects, contractor performance is usually guaranteed by either a standby letters of credit or Independent guarantee. These instruments will be care the parties.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2014

Purpose - As economic activities between different countries have rapidly spread in a world of free trade, it is inevitable that a large volume of cargo will be carried between countries. It is natural, then, that CO2 emissions and other environmental pollutions have followed, which exposes people and society to serious environmental problems and social costs, and so on. Therefore, the need to understand logistics is not only a matter of transportation but also an environmentally oriented matter. The purpose of this study is to look at some lessons and implications from the European case in terms of green logistics matters. Research design, data, and methodology - In order to look into this matter, first, it has to be established that some cargo transport volumes using different transportation modes have clearly declined because of previous economic recessions. Some transport policies produced by the European Union (EU) are based in a long history of struggling to cope with transport matters in European countries. In its recent transport policies, the EU has provided greener transportation alternatives, realizing that pollution matters affect the European transport market. This study tries to determine what policies the EU has implemented to deal with green logistics matters. This study concentrates in particular on the Marco Polo program in the EU. Results - This study found that the EU seems to consider these kinds of matters, that is, transport and the environment in the context of green logistics. The EU launched some policy instruments to solve this matter relatively earlier than other countries and reviewed them as necessary. In order to make these policy tools work, the EU provided PACT for combined transport, and then the Marco Polo I and II European transport white paper packages. These European policies deal with green logistics matters in two ways. First, some restrictions have been imposed, especially taxation, and so on. Transport subsidies are also powerful means of handling green logistics matters in Europe. Along with these two means of dealing with transport and the environment, the EU eventually targeted integration of different transport modes. Instead of employing only a single transport instrument mode to deliver the cargo to be carried, such as trucking, rail, ocean-going carrier, flight, or inland waterway transport, the EU has proposed that combining transport modes is the best alternative for transport and the environment. That is, the EU is pursuing the adoption of multimodalism as an answer to the green logistics challenge as it provides a more cost efficient and more productive means of transport. Conclusions - In conclusion, multimodal transport should be considered when applying green logistics, as it can provide an alternative way to achieve transport and environmental solutions together at the present time. Two methods can be used to encourage multimodal transport: restrictions and subsidies. These are the lessons and implications from European green logistics policies.

• 대한간호
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.72-84
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• 1998

This study has been done for the purpose of testing the effects of education for women's health on the performance of health promoting behavior and self esteem of college women. The study was designed as simulated control group pretest-posttest design, the experimental group was composed 182 college women and the control group was composed 151 college women at D University in Seoul. The instruments used for this study were Health Promoting Behavior Scale developed by Walker et al(1987)were modified by Shin(1997) and Self Esteem Scale developed by Rosenberg(1965). The data were analyzed by chi-square test, t-test and ANCOVA using $SPSSIPC^+$ program. The results were as follows: 1. The result of the homogeneity test in terms of the demographic characteristics of two group showed that there were significant difference in major discipline($x^2=155.854$, p=.000), religion($x^2=6.325$, p=.011), and disease experience($x^2=3.949$, p=.046). 2. Hypotheses 1 that the college women who get women's health education will have a higher score of health promoting behavior than the college women who do not get women's health education was supported. The score of health promoting behavior between two group showed statistically difference(t=7.25, p= .000). Mer control of covariates(major discipline, religion, and disease experience), the score of health promoting behavior between two group showed statistically difference(F=31.817, p= .000). 3. Hypotheses 2 that the college women who get women's health education will have a higher score of self esteem than the college women who do not get women's health education was supported. The score of self esteem between two group showed statistically difference(t=4.91, p= .000). After control of covariates(major discipline, religion, disease experience), the score of self esteem between two group showed statistically difference(F=12.688, p= .000). The following suggestions are made based on the above results : 1) Replication of the research is needed to confirm effects of health education including the college man and various demographic differences. 2) More effective health education programs appropriate to subject need to be developed. 3) Nursing college or departments of nursing should make an effort to develop and carry out various health education program for health for all.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.461-469
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• 1999

환자감시장치는 중환자실, 수술실, 응급실 및 병실에서 환자의 상태인 심전도 파형, 맥박수 , 혈압등을 측정하고 감시하는 기본적인 의료장비이다. 본 논문에서 설계한 환자감시장치는 심전도-비관혈식 혈압 감지장치이다. 심전도는 심장 근육의 이완과 수축에 따라 발생하는 전기 현상으로 대부분의 의사들은 환자의 심장 상태를 심전도 신호 패턴으로 진단을 하고 있다. 심전도 감시장치는 장시간동안 환자의 심장상태를 감시하는데 사용된다. 환자의 혈압을 재는 일은 일반화된 임상 측정의 하나로, 진찰실에서나 또는 특별한 수술중에도 시행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 동맥 내의 혈압을 비관혈적으로 측정하는 오실로메트릭 방식의 간접 측정 방법을 사용하였다. 개발한 환자감시장치를 수술실 장비와 비교, 검토하였다. 매회 심박수의 최대 차이는 1bpm이며,수축기 혈압 최대 차이는 15mmHg, 이완기 혈압 최대차이는 16mmHg, 평균 혈압 최대 차이는 25mmHg를 보였다. 그러나 결과적으로 나타나는 심박수의 평균 오차는 0.15bpm이며, 수축기 혈압의 평균 오차는 5mmHg, 이완기 혈압의 평균 오차는 10mmHg, 그리고 평균 혈압의 평균 오차는 9mmHg로 나타났다. 본 논문의 심전도-비관혈식 혈압 환자감시장치는 심전도 파형, 맥박수, 그리고 혈압을 측정하고 감시하는 의료 장비로서, 설계된 환자감시장치에 산소포화도.호흡.관혈식 혈압감시장치(IPB) 등의 다기능을 모듈로 구성하여 부착 및 제거가 용이하도록 확장 할 수 있다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.173-191
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• 1994

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted to exam if there were relation between noise level and reaction to noise of inpatient. The purpose of this study was to provide a basic data for comfort of patient hospitalized. The hypotheses of the study are : 1. The higher perceived noise level of inpatient, the higher reaction level to noise. 2. The higher perceived noise level of inpatient, physiological reaction level to noise. 3. The higher perceived noise level of inpatient, the higher emotional reaction level to noise. The participant were 153 patients hospitalized in one general hospital. The research instruments used for this study were noise scale and reaction of patient scale developed by the author. Data was collected over a period of 10 days from the 9th of July to the 18th of July, 1994. Statistical analysis of the data included percentage, t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test. Examination of the hypotheses was done by use of pearson correlation coefficient. The results are summarized as follows ; 1. The mean score of noise level was 2.24. Among noise factors reported by the subjects, that which ranked highest was 'Conversation of Visitors'(2.82). Next were 'noise of handling receptacle'(2.73), 'the others noise from outside'(2.73) and 'Conversation of supporter'(2.71). 2. The mean score of reaction level to noise was 2.19, physiological reaction level 2.04 and emotional reaction level 2.37. Among Physiological reaction to noise reported by the subjects, that which ranked highest was 'tired'(2.39). Next were 'sweating'(2.22) and 'headache'(2.20). Among emotional reaction to noise reported by the subjects, that which ranked highest was 'to irritate nerve'(2.53). Next were 'disturbing rest'(2.51) and 'to disturb sleep'(2.46). 3. The relationship between perceived noise level of inpatient and reaction to noise was statically significant (r=0.599, p=.0001). The relationship between perceived noise level of inpatient and physiological reaction to noise was statically significant (r=0.554, p=.0001). The relationship between perceived noise level of inpatient and emotional reaction to noise was statically significant(r=0.535, p=.0001). Thus hypothese 1, 2, 3 were supported. 4. There were significant differences between noise level of inpatient, admission periods, mobility of physical condition and exposure level to noise. 5. There were significant differences between physiological reaction level to noise, admission periods, mobility of physical condition and operation Yes or No. 6. There were significant difference between emotional reaction level to noise, admission periods, mobility of physical condition and exposure level to noise.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2011

전자기기에서의 고장 중 대부분은 작동 중 발생하는 열과 충격에 기인한다. 이 열과 충격은 PCB(Printed Board) 부품의 접합부 계면에 균열을 야기 시키고, 이 균열은 금속간 화합물(Intermetallic Compound: IMC)의 형성과 밀접한 관계를 가진다. 본 연구에서는 Sn-Ag-Cu계의 Ag함량을 변화한 Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu와 Sn-1.2Ag-0.5Cu 및 Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu의 3가지 조성의 솔더로 접합한 소재를 대상으로 1000시간 까지 등온시효(Isothermal Aging) 하였다. 등온시효 동 안 솔더(Solder)의 계면에 발생하는 IMC(Intermetallic Compound) 성장이 관찰되었으며, solder 접합부의 기계적 특성은 굽힘충격 시험법을 이용하여 평가되었다. 그 결과 시효처리 전에는 Ag 함량이 낮은 solder의 굽힘충격 특성이 우수하게 나타났으나, 시효처리 후에는 반대의 결과를 나타내었다. 이 결과는 IMC layer 주변에 생성된 미세한 $Ag_3Sn$ 및 조대한 $Cu_6Sn_5$와 관련되어, 미세한 $Ag_3Sn$이 충격을 완화한 것으로 나타나 이에 따라 굽힘충격 특성에 차이가 나타남을 알 수 있었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2005

대전광역시 유성구 노은농수산물도매시장에서 유통되는 농산물의 안전성을 확립하기 위하여 농산물에 대한 잔류농약 모니터링을 실시하기에 앞서 대전지역에서 잔류분석을 시행할 관련기관(충남대학교 농생대 농화학과, 국립농산물품질관리원 충남지원, 대전광역시 보건환경연구원, 충청남도 보건환경연구원)들간의 각각의 경험을 바탕으로 한 기기 안정도 및 회수율 협력 실험을 통하여 분석 결과의 검증 및 신뢰성을 제고하고자 실시하였다. 기기안정도 실험에서는 bifenthrin의 경우 기관별 크로마토그램상의 area 변화의 상대표준편차 범위가 0.684%(기관 D)~1.212%(기관 C), chlorpyfiphos의 경우 0.159%(기관 A)~0.405%(기관 C), diazinon의 경우 0.324%(기관 B)~0.623%(기관 C), 그리고 ethoprophos의 경우 0.274%(기관 B)~0.736%(기관 C)이었다. 정량 분석법에서는 상대 표준편차범위는 10% 정도가 되어야 만족스럽다고 보고하였는데 본 연구의 결과에서 상대 표준편차는 1.212% 이하로 매우 만족스러운 결과를 얻었다. 따라서 각 기관별 기기는 매우 안정적이었음을 알 수 있었다. 회수율 실험의 경우 참깨와 오이의 결과 회수율은 63.4-94.3%이며 이들의 상대표준편차(RSD) 또한 0.32-1.03으로 각 기관별 분석방법은 별다른 문제가 없는 것으로 판단되어지며 추후에 좀 더 많은 Data를 가지고 기관간의 상관관계를 구하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.17-40
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• 2005

Objective: The purpose of the this study was to test the effect of the alcohol preventive educational program for elementary school students through developing the web-based learning instruments. It will prevent the serious alcohol problem for adolescents and be the opening-learning according to learner's needs beyond the traditional classroom learning which has limitation of space and time. Method: This research designed based on web-based instructional system design by In-sung Jong(1997). This study was performed on the elementary school students who are the six grade in M city. The number of experimental group was 72 and control group's number was 72, totaled 144. Data were collected from September, 30th, 2004 to November, 5th, 2004, totaled 37days. The pretest and the posttest for web-based alcohol preventive education program were tested about knowledge and attitudes toward drinking. After the performance, the posttest was also tested the effect of this program under items by the interest of web-based learning, satisfaction, adequateness of material and so on. The data analysis was done using SPSS/Win 11.0 program. Result: The results of this study are as follows: 1) Compared with control group, experimental group which was educated the web-based alcohol preventive educational program for elementary school students was improved the knowledge on drinking, thin there was no significant difference. However, it showed significant difference between two groups after education. It was, therefore, partially supported. 2) Compared with control group, the experimental group which was educated the web-based alcohol preventive educational program for elementary school students showed significant difference in attitudes toward drinking. After education, it showed no significant difference attitudes. toward drinking between experimental group and control group. It was, therefore, partially supported. 3) The degree of learning motivation was an average.595 of 1 after learning applied to by the web-based alcohol preventive educational program for elementary school students. Then, it is relatively more higher than the result of existing studies. So, it showed that the motivation was done well. 4) Correlation among study variables It showed that there was the significantly positive correlation between knowledge and attitudes toward drinking of pretest experimental group. Also, there was the significantly positive correlation between attitudes toward drinking and learning motivation of pretest and posttest experimental group. Conclusion: I found that the web-based educational program helps the elarning process for the health education in the school field which the instructional materials lack. As a result, the web-based education motivates the learner's pleasure and promotes the learners interest. Also, it is possible for students to learn according to their own learning pace, repeated learning and active learning participation in the necessary parts. Therefore, I think the web-based educational program is worth as a intervention to get positive influence for the health education.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.322-331
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• 2014

목적 본 연구는 초등학교 고학년의 건강정보문해력 정도를 파악하고 건강정보문해력에 영향을 미치는 일반적 특성을 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 방법 대상자는 G도 시, 군지역 9개 초등학교 5, 6학년으로 331명을 대상으로 하였다. 자료수집은 2013년 7월 15일부터 8월 15일까지 실시되었으며 자료분석은 PASW (SPSS ver.20.0) 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과 언어적 건강정보문해력의 평균점수는 42점 만점에 $24.02{\pm}7.16$점으로 정답률은 57.2%이며, 학년과 학교성적이 언어적 건강정보문해력에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수로 나타났다. 기능적 건강정보문해력 중 수리영역의 평균점수는 6점 만점에 $4.73{\pm}1.49$점으로 정답률 78.8%이며, 학년과 학교성적이 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수로 나타났다. 기능적 건강정보문해력 중 독해영역의 평균점수는 6점 만점에 $4.54{\pm}1.34$점으로 정답률은 75.7%로성별과 학교성적이 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수로 나타났다. 결론 초등학교 고학년의 언어적 건강정보문해력은 매우 낮은 수준이며, 기능적 건강정보문해력은 건강과 관련된 내용을 판단하기에 충분하지 않은 수준임을 알 수 있었다. 건강정보문해력은 특히, 학교성적에 따라 차이를 보여, 학교성적이 낮은 학생을 대상으로 한 건강정보문해력을 높이기 위한 전략이 필요하다. 또한 성인을 대상으로 한 선행 연구에서 대상자에 따른 다른 다양한 요인이 건강정보문해력에 영향을 미치는 것을 고려해 볼 때 초등학생의 건강정보문해력에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요인에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.94-109
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• 2000

The chances of disease pattern increased the importance of Health-promoting Lifestyle and a large part of the Health-promoting Lifestyle is associated with individual's habit. Health-promoting Lifestyle among nurses is very important because nurses could be a role model of patients and possibly influence many patients. The purpose of this study was oat on1y to assess how hospital nurses practice their Health-promoting Lifestyle but also to identify those affecting determinants. The subjects were 392 nurses working at 3 different hospital in Seoul. These data were collected by self administered questionnaire from April 27 to May 20, 2000. This study examined Health-promoting Lifestyle using In Sook Park's model, individual characteristics. Behavior-specific Cognitions and Affect factors using Pender's model and tried to fine out their relationships. The instruments used in this study were Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile developed by In Sock Park(1995). Likert's four-point scale was used also in this research. The percentage, mean standard deviation, AVNOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression in the SAS package were used to analyze the data. The results of this study were as follows; 1. 52.3% of sample were aged between 25 and 29, 67.1% were single, 55.6% were university graduates, 51.8% earned 1.5 to 2.0 million won, 57.9% slept for d to 8 hours, 74.5% stated they were healthy. 2. 32.7% of sample worked in surgical gird department, 82.4% worked in 3 shift, 26.3% have been working as nurses for 5 to 7 years. Average score of Perceived self-efficacy was 3.63, Perceived benefits of action was 3.25, Social support was 2.75, and Perceived barriers to action was 1.87 which was the lowest score. 3. The average score if the performance in Health-promoting Lifestyle variable was 2.45 which was lower than previous study. The sanitary life Was 3.18 which was the highest score, harmonious relationship 3.13, emotional support 2.90. The variable with the highest degree of performance was the sanitary life, whereas the one with the west degree was the health diet. 4. There were no significant difference in perceived benefits of action with individual's a character, but in Perceived bait his of action there were significant differences with age(p<.01), marital status(p<.05), housing(p<.05), and Perceived health status(p<.05). In Perceived self-efficacy, there were significant differences with educational level(p<05), sleeping hours(p<.05), and BMI(p<.05). In Social support here were significant difference with housing and sleeping hours.