• 인문언어
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.223-265
• /
• 2002

In United States black mothers have consistently been treated as national outsiders, as women whose children, although ostensibly entitled to full citizenship, are in practice rarely provided with equal protection within the nation′s borders or under its laws. From the time he began writing in the aftermath of the failures of national Reconstruction, the African American public intellectual and political activist W. E. B. Du Bois realized that a truly effective anti-racist politics would also have to contend with the particular ways in which U.S. racism targeted black mothers. In short, he understood that an effective anti-racism would necessarily have to be a form of anti-sexism. This article examines the myriad ways in which Du Bois attempted to reconstruct the relationship between race and reproduction in the interest of producing anti-racist, anti-nationalist, as well as internationalist thinking. In so doing it treats the various representations of black maternity and child birth that Du Bois created, and elaborates on the rhetorical and political function of these representations in combating the racialization of national belonging on the one hand, and in articulating universal black citizenship, or what this article theorizes as racial globality on the other. The article begins by considering Du Bois′s attempts to transcend ideas about the racialized reproductive body as a source of national belonging within the United States, particularly his efforts to contest the idea of the reconstructing nation as a white nation reproduced exclusively by white women. Through analysis of Du Bois′s depiction of the birth and death of his son in his monumental work The Souls of Black Folk (1903) it demonstrates his reluctance to build an anti-racist politics founded on the idea that belonging within the nation is something that can be bestowed by one′s mother. The article proceeds by turning to Du Bois less well-known romantic novel, Dark Princess (1928) in which, by contrast, he depicts the birth of a "golden chi1d" who belongs not only within the United States, but within the world. This child, the son of an African American man and an Indian Princess, is cast as a messenger and messiah of a utopian alliance between pan-Asia and pan-Africa. In exploring the relationship between these two reproductive portraits, the article moves from a discussion of Du Bois′s critique of the ideological construction of the U.S. as a white nation reproduced by white progenitors, to an examination the literary figuration of a b1aek mother out of whose womb a black diasporic anti-imperialist alliance springs. In contrast to previous scholarship, which has tended to focus on the critique of U.S. racial nationalism that Du Bois expressed in his early work, or on the internationalism that he later embraced, this article pays close attention to how Du Bois′s anti-nationalist and internationalist politics together subtended by subtle, but constitutive, sexual politics.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.123-128
• /
• 1998

Implantation rates remain low following human in vitro fertilization (IVF). Suboptimal culture conditions may limit the ability of embryos to hatch as blastocysts, and artificial opening of the zona pellucida has been proposed as a means to promote subsequent hatching (assisted hatching). In this study, assisted hatching (AH) by zona drilling using acidic Tyrode's solution was performed in 320 patients, due to their age of more than 38 years (group A), the thick zona pellucida (group Z; $ZP\geq0.18{\mu}m$), and failures in implantation more than 3 times in previous IVF-ET trial (group P). This study was designed firstly, to study the effects of AH on the outcomes of IVF-ET according to the indications and secondly, to verify the appropriate application of AH. The results were as follows; 1. There was no difference in pregnancy rate between AH group (26.6%) and non-AH group (26.5%). 2. Assisted hatching (AH) showed significantly higher pregnancy rate of the patients with thick zona pellucid a than those of the patients with age factor and with the history of repeated implantation failure. But in the patients with age factor only, AH resulted in higher pregnancy rate. 3. Interestingly, the patients with complex factors including zona factor (Z: 33.9%; ZA: 30.4%; ZP: 31.6%; ZAP: 21.4%) showed higher pregnancy rates than other complex factors excluding zona factor (A: 24.4%, P: 0%; AP: 10.8%). From these results, AH is more helpful to the patients with thick zona pellucida rather than patients with older age and/or previous repeated implantation failure.

• 대한바이러스학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.151-162
• /
• 1996

Pseudorabies is caused by Pseudorabies virus (PRV: Aujeszky's disease virus) of Herpesviridae that is characterized by 100 to 150nm in size with a linear double-stranded DNA molecule with of approximately $90{\times}10^6Da$. This disease affects most of domestic animals such as swine, cattle, dog, sheep, cat, chicken, etc. causing high mortality and economic losses. In swine, young piglets show high mortality and pregnant sows, reproductive failures. However the adult swine reveals no clinical signs in general. But they become a carrier state and play an important role for propagation of the disease. In this study, the nucleotide sequence of major casid protein gene of PRV, Yangsan strain isolated from the diseased swine in Korea was analyzed, and the recombinant MCP was produced by expression of the MCP gene in Sf-9 cell using baculovirus transfer vector system. As result, in BamHI digestion, MCP gene locus of PRV YS strain showed different from that of Indiana S strain. The patterns of enzyme mapping were also found to be unidentical each other. The sequence of the MCP gene partially analyzed showed 98.09% identity to Indiana S strain. The expression of MCP in Sf-9 cell cotransfected by pVLMCP-44 baculovirus expression vector was characterized by Southern blot hybridization, immunofluoresent and immunocytochemical tests, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The rMCP with M.W. 142kDa was most effectively expressed in Sf-9 cells at the 3-4th days post inoculation of the recombinant baculovirus by 2 moi.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2021

Methods: We investigated the ability to induce decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells and invasive ability of human trophoblast cells by water extract of three types herbal medicines (Dangguijakyak-san, Siryung-tang, Antae-eum) and ethanol extract on Scutellariae Radix. Results: In the process of decidualization of endometrial stromal cells, three herbal medicines including Dangguijakyak-san, Siryung-tang, and Scutellariae Radix increased the production of decidual markers such as prolactin (PRL) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1). However, Antae-eum increased mRNA levels of PRL and IGFBP and secretion of IGFBP in decidual stromal cells, but not PRL. Four herbal medicines inhibited the invasion of trophoblast cells. Conclusions: Four herbal medicines may play a role in implantation in women with reproductive failures. However, further studies are warranted to elucidate whether these medications are helpful in the maintenance of pregnancy.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.119-133
• /
• 1997

In spite of much progress in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) program, the pregnancy rate remains at 20-30%, and the endometrial implantation rate per embryo transferred at 10-15%. As a result, about 90% of embryos may fail to implant to the endometrium, and many attempts such as optimization of follicular development, improvement of in vitro culture system including coculture, and micromanipulation of zona pellucida have been made to improve embryonic implantation after IVF-ET. Recently, several procedures of assisted hatching (AH) using micromanipulation have been introduced, and pregnancies and births have been obtained after AH. To develop and establish AH as an effective procedure to improve embryonic implantation, AH with partial zona dissection (PZD) was performed in 116 cycles of 89 infertile couples who had previous repeated failures of standard IVF-ET more than two times (Group I: 71 cycles in 54 patients), or who had implantation failure of embryos with good quality (Group II: 15 cycles in 13), or who had undergone AH without specific indication (Group III: 30 cycles in 22) from January, 1995 to Februry, 1996, and the outcomes of AH were analyzed according to pregnancy rate. The number of oocytes retrieved after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) was $9.9{\pm}7.1$ in Group I, $11.5{\pm}4.5$ in Group II, and $7.9{\pm}6.4$ in Group III. The number of embryos transferred after AH was $4.7{\pm}1.8$ in Group I, $5.3{\pm}1.3$ in Group II, and $3.5{\pm}2.4$ in Group III. The mean cumulative embryo score (CES) was $56.8{\pm}30.0$ in Group I, $76.1{\pm}35.9$ in Group II, and $38.5{\pm}29.9$ in Group III. The overall clinical pregnancy rate per cycle and per patient was 12.7% (9/71) and 16.7% (9/54) in Group I, 33.3% (5/15) and 38.5% (5/13) in Group II, and 6.7% (2/30) and 9.1% (2/22) in Group III, respectively. There were significant differences in the numbers of oocytes retrieved and embryos transferred, CES, and the clinical pregnancy rate per cycle among three groups. There was a significant inverse correlation between basal serum FSH level and CES, and no pregnancy occurred in patients with CES less than 20. In conclusion, AH of human embryos with PZD prior to ET has improved the implantation and pregnancy rates in IVF-ET patients with the past history of repeated failures, especially in spite of transfer of embryos with good quality, and AH will provide a range of novel techniques which may contribute much to effective management of infertile couples.

• 한국환경생태학회지
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.24-29
• /
• 2017

본 연구는 2012년부터 2014년까지의 번식기 동안 광주광역시에서 제비의 영소지 선택과 번식생태를 파악하기 위하여 이루어졌다. 모든 둥지는 건물의 수직 벽과 지붕에 붙어 있었으며, 둥지의 외측 직경은 $18.2{\pm}3.2cm$, 깊이는 $9.8{\pm}3.1cm$, 둥지 내측 직경은 $11.2{\pm}1.5cm$, 내측 깊이는 $3.4{\pm}0.5cm$로 지면에서 평균 $2.9{\pm}0.3m$ 높이에 위치하였다. 번식 둥지는 시멘트 벽(44.9%), 목재(23.1%), 벽돌(21.8%), 전등(6.4%)에 부착되어 있었다. 한배 산란수는 2~5개 범위로 평균 4.5개이었다. 평균 알 장경은 $18.23{\pm}0.73mm$, 단경은 $13.11{\pm}0.25mm$, 알 부피는 $1.60{\pm}0.11cm^3$, 알 형태지수는 $1.39{\pm}0.05$, 알 무게는 $1.69{\pm}0.15g$이었다. 부화 및 이소 성공률은 각각 89.1%와 84.5%이었다. 번식 실패의 주요 원인은 미수정란과 포식, 둥지훼손, 번식포기로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 제비의 서식지 보존 및 종 관리에 필요한 자료로 널리 활용될 것이라 판단된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.275-281
• /
• 2009

목 적: 본 연구는 반복적으로 체외수정시술/난자세포질내 정자주입술을 실패했던 환자에서 배아 이식시 옥시토신 길항제의 투여가 임신율 및 착상율에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 2회 이상의 체외수정시술/난자세포질내 정자주입술을 실패했던 40명의 환자들을 대상으로 전향적 무작위 연구를 진행하였다. 과배란유도 방법으로 생식샘자극호르몬분비호르몬 길항제 다회투여법이 사용되었다. 실험군에서는 옥시토신 길항제로 atosiban (vasopressin $V_{1A}$/oxytocin antagonist)을 배아 이식 한 시간 전에 atosiban 6.25 mg을 일회 정주한 뒤, 18 mg/hour의 속도로 지속적 정맥 주입하였다. 배아 이식이 끝난 뒤 atosiban을 6 mg/hour로 감속하여 2시간 동안 추가로 정맥 주입하였다. 실험군과 대조군간의 체외수정시술 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 결 과: 실험군과 대조군간의 평균 나이, 불임 기간 및 체질량 지수와 기저 혈중 난포자극호르몬 및 에스트라디올 농도, 기저 난포강 난포의 수에 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 또한 투여된 재조합 인간 난포자극호르몬 (rhFSH)의 총 용량과 투여 기간, 발달된 난포의 개수 및 자궁내막의 두께 역시 통계학적 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 수집된 난자 및 성숙 난자의 수와 수정된 난자와 1등급 혹은 2등급의 배아 및 이식된 배아의 수에도 두 군간의 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 착상율을 비교하였을 때 실험군은 16.9% (11/65), 대조군은 6.0% (4/67)로 나타났고, p=0.047로 두군 간에 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 임상적 임신율의 경우 실험군은 40.0%로 대조군의 20.0%에 비해 높게 나타나으나 통계학적 유의성엔 도달하지 못하였다. 또한 자궁외 임신 및 유산율에 있어서는 두 군 간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론: 체외수정시술/난자세포질내 정자주입술을 시행 받는 환자들에서 배아 이식 동안 옥시토신 길항제를 투여하는 것은 자궁의 수축을 감소시켜 착상율을 증가시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.