• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.416-512
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• 1998

The following conclusions are obtained from the studies on the chapters concerning phisiology, pathology, daily conduct, materia medica, pulse, and urinalysis from , of the "Four Tantras". 1. The theoretical basis forming the Tibetan Medicine is the substance of phlegm, bile, and wind each of which is divided into five kinds. These phisiological substances can be transformed into pathological factors when certain environment is formed. 2. In embryology, the semen of the father and menstral blood of mother is considered the most important condition in conception, and the Five factors are regarded as important. There is a detailed explanation of development of the fetus while it stays in the womb of mother during 38weeks, such as the formation of the viscera, channels, sense organs, etc. 3. There is metaphor which compares the human body with the king's palace. With the development of human anatomy, there is the detailed anatomical picture of anterior and posterior aspects of human body. And also there is the measurement of physiological constitution and the three fluids. 4. In division of the channels, they concerned the now of the blood and distribution of the nerve fibers, and each channel is connected with one another. The division of the cannel is namely embryonic channel, channel of existence, channel of connection, and the course of life principle. 5. The seven bodily constituents and three factors of phlegm, bile, and wind are important in sustaining the life of human body as well as growth and maturization, and when their equilibrium is broken, the human body is degnerated, and finally death comes. 6. The signs of death is divided into distant sign, remote sign, certain sign. and uncertain sign, and is used as a clue in diagnosis of the disease. Especially there is a mention about the mechanism of the dreams, and different dreams according to the condition of the patient. 7. In pathology, there is the cause of the disease, the environmental factors which can induce disease, the path by which disease come into the human body, the characteristics of the disease, and the kinds of disease. 8. There is a mention about the conduct, and it is divided into the daily conduct, the mental attitude, and the side-effects which can occur when one puts up with the physiological actions of the body. 9. The daily diet is divided into food and beverage. The food is divided again into grain, meat, fat, boiled food, and spiced food, and the beverage into milk, water, and wine. 10. The pulsation should be taken in lift hand to diagnose heart, small intestine, stomach, spleen, kidney, reproductive organ, and in right hand jungs, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, kidney, and bladder. In the healthy person, the pulse moves 5times in one perspiration, and the type of pulse is constant while the pulse moves 100times. But unhealthy person's pulse is different from this. The urinalysis is the unique part of Tibetan Medicine, and is important in examination of the disease. One should decide which of the three factors are dominant by the obervation of the color, amount of the steam and how long it lasts, odour, foam, and the shape of the swirl in three different states when the urine is hot, warm, and cold. One can determine the life of the patient and which viscera is the cause of the disease by the pulse, and whether the nature of the disease is hot or cold by the urinalysis. 11. The materia medica contains gemstones, minerals, plateau medication, and meat products.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 1996

Concerned to the Ichthyophthiriasis of aquacultural fishes, the developmental features of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis were studied in cultured Korean catfish, Silurus asotus, and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In the morphological observation, the parasite developed on two kinds of parasitic and non-parasitic phases with 6 developmental stages termed phoront, trophont, protomont, tomont, tomite, and therone. The $60{\times}40-100{\times}70{\mu}m$ fusiform or spherical phoront for the invading stage has 34-38 meridional kineties and begins to develope buccal apparatus. The 80-$800{\mu}m$ spherical or amoeboid trophont for the vegetative stage has a horseshoe shape macronucleus, a inconspicuous cytostome and developmental contractile vacuoles. The 200-$800{\mu}m$ spherical protomont for the encysting stage has a inconspicuous macronucleus, abundant contractile vacuoles; and a fine gelatinous exocyst is exuded, the baccal apparatus begins to resorb. The tomont for the encysted dividing stage has a thick cyst wall, and the buccal apparatus is resorbed completely. A small 35-$50{\mu}m$ spherical tomite for each daughter cell has a cytostome end the conspicuous oral apparatus. The $25{\times}20-60{\times}40{\mu}m$ fusiform theront for the infective stage possesses a perforatorium in the anterior end, a cytostome in the mid-point respectively and has 34-38 meridional kineties. In the experiments of the reproductive, the excysted time is related to water temperature. Tomitogenesis takes 10-14 hours at $28^{\circ}C$, 12-15 hours at $26^{\circ}C$, 16-18 hours at $22^{\circ}C$, 24-28 hour at $18^{\circ}C$, 26-51 hours at $14^{\circ}C$, and 129 hours at $9^{\circ}C$ respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 2018

We surveyed 281 sites of tropical plants and 666 sites of fruit plants for three years (2015~2017) on Pseudococcus longispinus and Pseudococcus orchidicola which have not been surveyed domestically. In tropical plants, P. longispinus were found at 34 sites, while P. orchidicola were found at 87 sites. However, both species were not found in fruit plants. The developmental characteristics of P. longispinus and P. orchidicola were investigated under various temperatures. The female nymph of P. longispinus did not develop at $14^{\circ}C$ and the developmental period was the longest at $16^{\circ}C$ for 361.4 days and the shortest at $32^{\circ}C$ for 39.0 days. The longevity of female adult of P. longispinus was the shortest at $28^{\circ}C$ as 71.7 days. The number of offspring was highest at 177.7 at $32^{\circ}C$. The female nymph of P. orchidicola did not develop at $12^{\circ}C$. However, the developmental period was the longest at $14^{\circ}C$ for 184.9 days and the shortest at $28^{\circ}C$ for 21.5 days. The longevity of female adult of P. orchidicola was the shortest at 51.5 days at $28^{\circ}C$. The number of offspring was highest at 143.8 at $28^{\circ}C$. The net reproductive rate ($R_0$) and intrinsic rate of increase ($r_m$) of P. longispinus were 162.3 and 0.127 at $32^{\circ}C$, respectively. The $R_0$ and $r_m$ of P. orchidicola were 98.3 and 0.139 at $28^{\circ}C$, respectively. These results suggest that the optimum temperature of P. longispinus and P. orchidicola was $32^{\circ}C$ and $28^{\circ}C$, respectively. Therefore, we guess that they can never be able to survive the winter of Korea.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.112-132
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• 1975

When Korean family planning services began as a part of the National Policy in 1962, the annual population growth was 3.0%. This growth rate has been decreased to 2.0% during last ten year period. And it seems imperative that all hospitals, as well as related organizations, should participate in family planning in order to contribute to achieving the National goal of 1.5% population growth by 1976, the end of the Third Five Year Economic Development Plan. Nurses should be considered the most important human resources in charge of the core of family planning services in any setting. For the family planning services in the general hospital setting, nurses as a core members contribute much as change agent, motivators, counsellors, educators etc. A nurse can work with patients and their relatives when she is equipped with relevant knowledge and skills. Fur the more family planning cannot be ignored even in hospital setting where more comprehensive nursing care is needed Thus, the general objective of this study is to provide baseline data for better programming of In-service education in family planning so that effective hospital family planning nursing services can be made a part of comprehensive nursing care contributing to the national population program and human welfare. In order to meet the general objective, this study has the following specific objectives : 1. To find out the general characteristics of the clinical nurses working in Y Hospital 2. To evaluate their attitudes and practices of family planning 3. To assess their knowledge, attitudes and practices of population and family planning as professional nurses. 4. To examine and compare data collecting methods for the planning of an In-service Educational Program 5. To explore the contents to be included in this In-service Education Program. The study population randomly selected one hundred nurses working in Y Hospital A cross-sectional survey with questionnaires developed for this study was chosen for the study method. To collect reliable data, the questionnaires were distributed to and answered by the study population in a controlled situation. X²test and t-test was employed in analyzing the data. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. Y Hospital nurses had a lower ideal number of children (X=2.02) and showed no strong preference for male children, and 74% of them expressed the desire to use permanent methods of birth control 2. of this thirty Y Hospital nurses who were married 66.7% stated they were already practicing contraceptive methods. Most of them preferred male methods of contraception. 3. According to objective evaluation about knowledge of various aspects of population and family planning, respondents from collegiate programs significantly knew better the subjects on the average than did respondents from diploma programs of nursing. 4. There was a marked difference in the results of self-evaluation and objective evaluation in their family planning knowledge. It was found that the self-evaluation family planning knowledge seemed to be unreliable. Accordingly, the objective test methods appeared to be more reliable in the evaluation of knowledge levels. 5. The subject areas needed to be included in In-service education for the Hospital family planning services in Y Hospital are 1) rhythm methods, 2) tubal-legation, 3) family planning effects of contraceptives, 4) population growth, 5) demographic traction, 6) population structure and 7) infant mortality facts. In addition, 1) various oral contraceptives, 2) basal temperature method, 3) laparoscopic female sterilization, 4) interfering factors of family planning, 5) anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive organs were additional areas to be taught to respondents from 3-year diploma schools of nursing. Demographic transition was one subject area in which the four-year graduates need further study. 6. Population problems guidance and counselling in family planning instruction in the theory and practice of contraceptives should be included in future In-service Education Programs in order to provide more effective hospital Family Planning Services, stated 77.0% of the respondents.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.171-181
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• 1995

Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of the crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was investigated to clarify annual reproductive cycle from February in 1992 to October in 1994. The values of GSI were high with individual variation from April to July which period was coincided with the breeding season of fish. The GSI was very low in August and September, when follicular atresia developed in the ovaries. GSI value began to increase in October and reached a peak around the following March, which indicated that ovarian follicles may grow during this period. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG 10 IU), $17\alpha$, 20\beta-dihydroxyprogesterone\;(1-100{\mu}g/ml)$ and phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA, protein kinase C activator, 0.1-10${\mu}M$) induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), but $4\alpha-phorbol$ 12, 13- didicanoate ($4\alpha-PDD,\;phorbol\; ester\;analogue,\;25{\mu}M$) did not induce germinal vesicle breakdown in the follicular oocytes. Prostaglandin $F_{2\alpha}$ $(0.1-10 {\mu}g/ml)$ and TPA $(0.1-10 {\mu}M$ induced ovulation of the oocytes, but $4\alpha-PDD$ $(25{\mu}M)$ did not induce ovulation of the follicles. $17\alpha-hydroxyprogesterone$ production was examined from the isolated follicles to investigate the steroid production ability in the crucian carp ovaries. HCG (1 lU, 10 lU) and forskolin (adenylate cyclase activator, 0.1-10 ${\mu}M$) stimulated $17\alpha-hydroxyprogesterone$ production. The time course of HCG (10 lU) and forskolin $(10\;{\mu}M)$ stimulated $17\alpha-hydroxyprogesterone$ production within 3 hours, the elevated levels were maintained during the rest of the culture period. The data indicates that cyclic AMP and protein kinase C may play important roles in the oocyte maturation and ovulation in crucian carp.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2020

The striped fruit fly, Zeugodacus scutellata, is endemic in Korea, but it has been regarded as one of the serious quarantine pests throughout the world. Sterile insect release technique (SIT) has been used to eradicate quarantine fruit flies. This study developed a technique to generate sterile males and applied SIT to control Z. scutellata. First of all, the reproductive systems of Z. scutellata adults were examined with fluorescent microscope. Polytrophic ovaries comprises of around 100 follicles with developing oocytes. Each follicle contains an oocyte with several nurse cells and are surrounded with follicular epithelium. Oocyte development began at 10 days after adult emergence (DAE) and formed chorionated oocytes after 20 DAE. On the other hand, male testes were well developed just after adult emergence. The vas deferens was filled with motile sperms. To generate sterile males, different doses (0~1,000 Gy) doses of electron beam were irradiated to 3~5 days old pupae of Z. scutellata. When male pupae were irradiated with electron beam at 200 Gy, they developed and mated with females without any significant difference compared to untreated males. Although the untreated females mated with the 200 Gy-irradiated males laid eggs, no eggs did not hatch. The 200 Gy-irradiated males were then applied to untreated male and female flies in a density ratio of 1:9 (untreated males : treated males). The laid eggs suffered significant infertility. These results suggest that electron beam-irradiated pupae at 200 Gy resulted in male sterility and the resulting males would be applied to SIT.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.333-339
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• 2017

This research was aimed to establish rapid analysis technique for the determination of nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) concentration in the leaves of paprika, which has key role for the stable vegetative and reproductive growth. Leaf petiole and blade sap of two paprika cultivars ('Raon red' and 'Raon yellow') were used for the determination of $NO_3{^-}$ concentration, separately using rapid detection kit (RQ-flex) and spectroscopy quantification methods. In addition, two paprika cultivars namely, 'Nicole' and 'TP2001' were used to determine the status of $NO_3{^-}$ concentration in leaf of each fruiting group. $NO_3{^-}$ concentration in leaf blade sap and the content in leaf showed significant correlation ($R^2=0.8628$), analysed by RQ-flex and spectroscopy methods, respectively. Furthermore, leaf petiole sap and the content in leaf also showed significant correlation ($R^2=0.6734$) but the relationship was poor compared to leaf blade sap and the leaf content. $NO_3{^-}$ concentration in petiole sap decreased in all the cultivars from early to late fruiting group. The higher concentration in the lower leaves and the continuous decrease towards the upper leaves in the both years were found through the analysis of $NO_3{^-}$ concentration in different leaf position. In addition, daily short-term fluctuation of $NO_3{^-}$ in petiole sap could be rapidly monitored. These results showed that long-term or short-term monitoring by test strip-based rapid analysis technique might be useful tool for the diagnosis of nutritional status for the stable of nutritional management in paprika.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.295-300
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• 2017

This study examined the association between genotypes of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 3, beta subunit (IDH3B) gene and economic traits in an $F_2$ population of Duroc and Jeju (South Korea) native black pigs (JBPs). The genotypes was determined the presence/absence of a 304-bp insertion/deletion fragment in the promoter region of the IDH3B gene for JBP, Duroc, and their $F_1$ and $F_2$ progeny. Three genotypes (AA, AB and BB) were found in the $F_1$ and $F_2$ populations, but there was no AA genotype found in JBP and no BB in Duroc. Association analysis results showed the significant differences with carcass weights (CW), backfat thicknesses (BFT) and eye muscle area (EMA) (p<0.05), but not with growth traits including body weights and average daily gains at different stages, reproductive traits including teat numbers, and crude fat contents (CFAT) measured in longissimus dorsi (p>0.05). The $F_2$ pigs possessing the IDH3B BB homozygote had heavier CW ($72.92{\pm}11.133kg$), thicker BFT ($25.75{\pm}6.06mm$), and larger EMA ($23.82{\pm}4.825cm^2$) than those from the other genotypes (p<0.05). These results were estimated that there are biological roles related with IDH3B genotypes resulting development of EMA, BFT, and CW but not with intramuscular fat deposition during late period of pig production. Our findings suggest that the 304-bp insertion allele of porcine IDH3B may be a genetic marker for marker assistant selection for improving meat productivity of the Jeju Black pig and Duroc-related molecular breeding systems.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary safflower seed (SFS) powder and chitosan on hatching egg production and eggshell qualify in aged egg-type breeder hens. A total of four hundred 54-week-old Hy-Line Brown breeder hens were divided into five the groups and fed experimental diets either with addition of 0.25 and 0.50% SFS powder or 0.10 and 0.20% chitosan or devoid of all for 6 weeks. There were no significant differences in feed intake and laying performances among the groups. The rate of sellable egg in the groups fed diets containing SFS powder or chitosan was significantly increased compared to that of control (P<0.05), irrespective of dose-dependent manner. The addition of SFS powder or chitosan significantly improved the eggshell strength (P<0.01). Eggshell thickness was also significantly increased in the groups 134 diets containing chitosan as compared with that of control (P<0.01). Fertility and hatchability of egg set were significantly improved by dietary chitosan that those of control (P<0.05). ike contents of tibial Ca and P were significantly increased in the groups fed diets containing 0.5% SFS powder, 0.1 and 0.2% chitosan as compared with those of control. The levels of blood estrogen, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone were not affected by the dietary treatments. The overall results indicated that the proper use of some feed additives such as safflower seed powder and chitosan might provide means of improving eggshell quality and reproductive performances in aged egg-type breeder hens.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.181-194
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• 2002

Parasitism is a one-sided relationship between two organisms in which one benefits at the expense of the other. Parasitic dinoflagellates, particularly species of Amoebophrya, have long been thought to be a potential biological agent for controlling harmful algal bloom(HAB). Amoebophrya infections have been reported for over 40 species representing more than 24 dinoflagellate genera including a few toxic species. Parasitic dinoflagellates Amoebophrya spp. have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of an infective dispersal stage (dinospore), an intracellular growth stage(trophont), and an extracellular reproductive stage(vermiform). Biology of dinospores such as infectivity, survival, and ability to successfully infect host cells differs among dinoflagellate host-parasite systems. There are growing reports that Amoebophrya spp.(previously, collectively known as Amoebophrya ceratii) exhibit the strong host specificity and would be a species complex composed of several host-specific taxa, based on the marked differences in host-parasite biology, cross infection, and molecular genetic data. Dinoflagellates become reproductively incompetent and are eventually killed by the parasite once infected. During the infection cycle of the parasite, the infected host exhibits ecophysiologically different patterns from those of uninfected host in various ways. Photosynthetic performance in autotrophic dinoflagellates can be significantly altered following infection by parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya, with the magnitude of the effects over the infection cycle of the parasite depending on the site of infection. Parasitism by the parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya could have significant impacts on host behavior such as diel vertical migration. Parasitic dinoflagellates may not only stimulate rapid cycling of dissolved organic materials and/or trace metals but also would repackage the relatively large sized host biomass into a number of smaller dinospores, thereby leading to better retention of host's material and energy within the microbial loop. To better understand the roles of parasites in plankton ecology and harmful algal dynamics, further research on a variety of dinoflagellate host-parasite systems is needed.