• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.5-31
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• 2019

In the process of changing the Korean electoral system, various terms such as representation, majority, minority, plurality, and proportionality are not used correctly, making normative judgment on its desirable electoral system difficult. This paper clarifies the concepts and terminology related to the electoral system in order to enable proper normative discussion. First, the misuse of the names of the electoral system is reviewed. This includes the majority representative system versus the minority representative system, the single-member constituency versus the multi-member constituency, the absolute majority system versus the relative majority system, and the majority representative system versus the proportional representative system. Next, the principles of representation, proportionality, democracy, direct ballot, and equal ballot are discussed to evaluate the decisions made by the Constitutional Court of Korea. In the current electoral system of the National Assembly, the equivalence between its constituency member and its proportional representation member is very low in terms of proportionality between votes received and seats allotted. Finally, the coherence between proportional representation and other political institutions is examined. Strengthening the proportionality of parliamentary elections alone does not necessarily increase the proportionality of the entire power structure.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.129-139
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• 2019

This paper develops a new method for estimating the elastic-plastic buckling strength of the truss structures under the static and seismic loads. Firstly, a new method for estimating the buckling strength of the truss structures was derived based on the buckling strength of the representative member considering the parameters, such as the structure configurations, boundary conditions, etc. Secondly, the new method was verified through the buckling strength estimation and the finite element method (FEM) analysis of the single member models, portal frame models and simple truss models. Finally, the method was applied to evaluate the buckling strength of a simple truss structure under seismic load, and the failure loads between the proposed method and the FEM were analyzed reasonably. The results show that the new method is feasible and reliable for structure engineers to estimate the buckling strengths of the truss structures under the static loads and seismic loads.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2011

Aluminum or CFRP is representative one of the lightweight materials. Collapse behavior of Al/CFRP square structural member was evaluated in this study based on the respective collapse behavior of aluminum and CFRP member. Al/CFRP square structural members were manufactured by wrapping CFRP prepreg sheets outside the aluminum hollow members in the autoclave. Because the CFRP is an anisotropic material with mechanical properties, The Al/CFRP square structural members stacked at different angles(${\pm}15^{\circ}$, ${\pm}45^{\circ}$, ${\pm}90^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}/0^{\circ}$ and $0^{\circ}/90^{\circ}$ where the direction on $0^{\circ}$ coincides with the axis of the member) and interface numbers(2, 3, 4, 6 and 7). The axial impact collapse tests were carried out for each section members. Collapse mode and energy absorption characteristics of the each member were analyzed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.29 no.10 s.241
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• pp.1329-1335
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• 2005

An aluminum or CFRP (Carbon Fiber ReinfDrced Plastics)is representative one of light-weight materials but its axial collapse mechanism is different from each other. The aluminum member absorbs energy by stable plastic deformation, while the CFRP member absorbs energy by unstable brittle failure with higher specific strength and stiffness than those in the aluminum member. In an attempt to achieve a synergy effect by combining the two members, aluminum CFRP compound square members were manufactured, which are composed of aluminum members wrapped with CFRP outside aluminum square members with different fiber orientation angle and thickness of CFRP, and axial collapse tests were performed fur the members. The axial collapse characteristics of the compound members were analyzed and compared with those of the respective aluminum members and CFRP members. Test results showed that the collapse of the aluminum CFRP compound member complemented unstable brittle failure of the CFRP member due to ductile characteristics of the inner aluminum member. The collapse modes were categorized into four modes under the iuluence of the fiber orientation angle and thickness of CFRP. The absorbed energy Per unit mass, which is in the light-weight aspect was higher in the aluminum CFRP compound member than that in the aluminum member and the CFRP member alone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.235-240
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• 2010

The recent trend of vehicle design aims at crash safety and environmentally-friendly aspect. For the crash safety aspect, energy absorbing members should be absorbed with collision energy sufficiently. But vehicle structure must be light weight for the environmentally-friendly aspect, in order to improve fuel efficiency and to reduce tail gas emission. Therefore, the light weight of vehicle must be achieved in a status of securing safety of crash. An aluminum or CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics) is representative one among the light-weight materials. In this study, impact collapse behavior of circular hybrid thin-walled member is evaluated. The hybrid members are manufactured by wrapping CFRP prepreg sheets outside the aluminum circular members in the autoclave. Because the CFRP is an anisotropic material whose mechanical properties change with its stacking condition, special attention is given to the effects of the stacking condition on the collapse behavior evaluation of the hybrid thin-walled member. Collapse mode and energy absorption capability of the hybrid thin-walled member are analyzed with change of the fiber orientation angle and interface number.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.31-51
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• 2012

This paper presents a computational study that explores the design of rigid steel frames by considering construction related costs. More specifically, two different aspects are investigated in this study focusing on the effects of (a) reducing the number of labor intensive rigid connections within a frame of given geometric layout, and (b) reducing the number of different member section types used in the frame. A genetic algorithm based optimization framework searches design space for these objectives. Unlike some studies that express connection cost as a factor of the entire frame weight, here connections and their associated cost factors are explicitly represented at the member level to evaluate the cost of connections associated with each beam. In addition, because variety in member section types can drive up construction related costs, its effects are evaluated implicitly by generating curves that show the trade off between cost and different numbers of section types used within the frame. Our results show that designs in which all connections are considered to be rigid can be excessively conservative: rigid connections can often be eliminated without any appreciable increase in frame weight, resulting in a reduction in overall cost. Eliminating additional rigid connections leads to further reductions in cost, even as frame weight increases, up to a certain point. These complex relationships between overall cost, rigid connections, and member section types are presented for a representative five-story steel frame.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2017

This paper presents the results of the parametric study to investigate the effects of several analysis modeling parameters such as support conditions, member connectivities and cable member stiffness on the main mode shapes and natural frequencies of a representative disaster resilient greenhouse structure. In addition, an ambient vibration test was performed on the representative greenhouse structure and its main mode shapes and natural frequencies were obtained. By comparing the experimental and analysis results, a proper analysis modeling method of the representative greenhouse structure was proposed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.319-320
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• 2023

In a reinforced concrete structure, coupler construction is easier to install than jointing or welding reinforcing bars, so it is possible to work by one person. When constructing a reinforcing bar coupler, the coupler construction method must be different for each member that receives a large tensile force or a member that receives a small tensile strength. Various coupler products are used in the global construction market, and the quality, performance, and cost of reinforcing bar joints vary from product to product. This study compares and analyzes the quality and cost of representative rebar couplers according to the requirements using the quality house of QFD-HOQ. The case study presents a quality and cost improvements strategy through QFD-HOQ analysis of rebar couplers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2023.11a
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• pp.127-128
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• 2023

Recently, OSC (off-site construction) construction has been revitalized as a response to the decline in building quality and productivity due to lack of skilled manpower at construction sites, and PC (precast concrete) construction, a representative OSC construction, is insufficiently applied to public housing.This is the situation.In addition, in the case of general contents appearing in standard specifications, the construction standards for quality assurance remain in the 1990s and do not correspond to the current construction environment.In order to improve the quality of PC member joints, we compared and analyzed Korean and Japanese specifications to establish appropriate standards for PC construction quality control, focusing on the quality of grout used in joints.

• The Magazine of the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 1981

Optimal design of shell and tube heat exchanger system with the working fluids which may condense outside the tubes has been carried out under specified inlet and outlet conditions. Independent variables such as number of parallel series, tube diameter, distribution pitch, tube side pressure loss, baffle cut and shell side pressure loss as well as dependent variables such as shell diameter, number of tubes, number of serial series and number of baffles were all characterized according to the standard. Exhaustive search method was used to construct a computer program together with the calculation of heat transfer rate by LMTD method. stress analysis of maj or parts was made to examine their dimensions satisfying heat transfer and pressure loss requirements. Cost estimation based on the installation, operation and maintenance was also made, A few representative variables, heat transfer area, shell diameter and pressure loss, were used to express cost function, finally giving the optimal selection of all tentative solutions.