• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.601-610
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• 1999

Crossover design is officially except for special occasions recommended by KFDA and FDA for assessing Bioequivalence between two drugs one for reference and the other for innovator. Such design is regarded as a special case of latin square split-polt or repeated measurement design and its main difference with other designing methods is that each subject in an experiment is exposed two drugs in sequence. Therefore general statistical analysis is not suitable since the model for this experiment includes carryover effect in addition to period and sequence effect. in this paper analysis for crossover model with two drugs and its interpretation are mainly discussed and an example is given for illustration.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.23-33
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• 2008

In this paper, we verify the performance of LDPC coded OFDM/DS system by Monte-Carlo simulation of BER on Eb/No. The simulation results show that LDPC coded OFDM/DS has a strong anti-jamming characteristic over pulse-noise jammer and partial-band noise jammer. The performance of LDPC coded OFDM/DS system is evaluated on both faded waveforms and non-faded waveforms. For non-faded waveforms, high coding gain is attained due to LDPC, even when waveforms have short PN sequence and JSR is only 5dB. Especially, the increase in the repeated number of LDPC decoding enhances coding gain. However, faded waveforms cannot achieve sufficient average effect when PN sequence is short. High coding gain of faded waveforms can be achieved by extending length of PN sequence. In addition, we compare LDPC coded OFDM/DS system with Convolutional coded OFDM/DS system. The simulation results illustrate that when LDPC coded OFDM/DS system with short PN sequence has sufficient average effects, the system shows lower BER than Convolutional coded OFDM/DS system with long PN sequence.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.545-549
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• 1996

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to the toluene at 3,000${\pm}$200ppm via inhalation for two hours in the single inhalation group and three weeks by two hours per day, six da ys per week in the repeated inhalation group. The blood toluene concentration in the repeated inhalation group was significantly lower than that in the single inhalation group after 210 and 240 minutes of exposure. The peak concentration of blood toluene was 58.13${\pm}$4.63${\mu}$g/ml in the single inhalation group and 54.24${\pm}$6.87mcg/ml in the repeated at the end of 120 minutes of the exposure. The behavioral change of rats for the initial 30 minutes of the toluene inhalation showed mildly increased movement and excitement but remained calm and inhibitory behaviors after that period; more inhibitory behaviors in the single inhalation group compared with the repeated inhalation group. In open-field test, after the termination of the toluene inhalation, no difference had been statistically observed between the toluene inhalation group and the control group in ambulation, rearing, preening and grooming.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.188-198
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• 2000

As MPEG-2 is introduced, a new editing system that works at the compressed domain is required. It is efficient to paste the two different video sequences in the compressed domain, but after repeated pasting, the result sequence can violate MPEG-2 rate control algorithm. In other words, it causes the underflow of the buffer during the decoding time. The earlier study inserted an additional fade-in sequence but it is not natural when we make a program. In this paper, a nobel method using requantization of the underflow sequence is presented.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.225-234
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematic sequence patterns according to movement times during Karate choku-tsuki. Method: Ten Korea national Karate athletes participated in this study. Participants asked to perform jodan and chudan choku-tsuki. 30 infrared cameras were used to measure angular kinematic of elbow, shoulder, trunk, pelvis, hip, knee, ankle. Results: The two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant effects for the joints (p<.05). But no significant effect for the movement time and interaction of joints x movement time existed for the kinematic sequence variables. Conclusion: For karate kumite players to reduce the movement time of punch, it is necessary to train kinematic sequences that allow each joint to rotate at a relatively similar timing.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.341-350
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• 2000

This study was conducted to develop a control unit for a tying device of a variable chamber round baler. The work process of the tying device was thoroughly analyzed and the control sequence was established according to the work process. Based on this control sequence, a control unit using an 8 bit microprocessor AT 89C52 as a CPU was developed. The driving circuit to control the actuator motion was developed and the PWM method was used to regulate the velocity of the actuator. On the front panel of the control unit, indicators were also installed to show the operations being conducted. A prototype of the developed control unit was manufactured and tested. A total of 50 complete cycles of the control sequence was repeated and no failure was observed. It was evaluated that the developed control unit has an excellent performance and can be used practically for variable chamber round balers.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.289-294
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• 2015

Linear mixed models are commonly used in the clinical pharmaceutical studies to analyze repeated measures such as the crossover study data of bioequivalence studies. In these models, random effects describe the correlation between repeated outcomes and variance-covariance matrix explain within-subject variabilities. Bioequivalence analysis verifies whether a 90% confidence interval for geometric mean ratio of Cmax and AUC between reference drug and test drug is included in the bioequivalence margin [0.8, 1.25] performed using linear mixed models with period, sequence and treatment effects as fixed and sequence nested subject effects as random. A Levofloxacin study is referred to for an example of real data analysis.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.411-417
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose an efficient OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) frame synchronization scheme for LED-ID(Identification) systems. A frame synchronization is an essential procedure for normal operations of OFDM systems. Bernoulli-Gaussian noise is considered in LED-ID systems' environments. In order to enhance the OFDM frame synchronization performance, we add a ROGS(Repeated Orthogonal Gold Sequence) to OFDM signals in the time domain. The power level of a ROGS does not affect a normal operation of the LED-ID systems. Frame synchronization can be achieved successfully over LED-ID channels interfered by impulsive noise owing to good auto and cross-correlation properties of the ROGS.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 1999

We observed the structure of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (PAL) which is one of the best studied plant defense-related genes responding to pathogen infection by producing suberin, lignin, and phytoalexins. In tomato, at least 5 different genetic loci have been identified by genomic southern blot hybridization and nucleotide sequence analyses of partially cloned gene fragments (Lee et al. 1992). However, our results suggest that two other isoforms designated as PAL X1 and PAL X2 are located on the chromosome in tomato plant. Furthermore, the preliminary results obtained from southern blot hybridization analyses of subcloned fragment digested with several restriction endonuclease indicated that PAL X1 and PAL X2 clones contain at least two copies of PAL gene and partial nucleotide sequence analyses of each subcloned fragment with the same primer taken from known nucleotide sequence of PAL5 gene indicated that they are located side by side on the same chromosome.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1277-1284
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• 2018

In this study, a repeated yeast integrative plasmid (R-YIp) harboring Cre/loxP system was constructed to integrate various gene expression cassettes into the yeast chromosome. The R-YIp system contains a reusable selective marker (CgTRP1), loxP sequence, and target sequence for integration. Therefore, many gene expression cassettes can be integrated into the same position of the same yeast chromosome. In the present study, several model enzymes involving xylan/xylose metabolism were examined, including endoxylanase (XYLP), ${\beta}$-xylosidase (XYLB), xylose reductase (GRE3) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XYL2). Efficient expression of these genes was obtained using two promoters (GAL10p and ADH1p) and various plasmids (pGMF-GENE and pAMF-GENE plasmids) were constructed. The XYLP, XYLB, GRE3, and XYL2 genes were efficiently expressed under the control of the GAL10 promoter. Subsequently, R-YIps containing the GAL10p-GENE-GAL7t cassette were constructed, resulting in pRS-XylP, pRS-XylB, pRS-Gre3, and pRS-Xyl2 plasmids. These plasmids were sequentially integrated into chromosome VII of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain by repeated gene integration and selective marker rescue. These genes were integrated by the R-YIp system and were stably expressed in the yeast transformants to produce active recombinant enzymes. Therefore, we expect that the R-YIp system will be able to overcome current limitations of the host cells and allow selective marker selection for the integration of various genes into the yeast chromosome.