• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.60-65
• /
• 2013

Data from repeated measurements are accomplished through repeatedly processing the same subject under different conditions and different points of view. The power of testing enhances the choice of pertinent analysis methods that agrees with the characteristics of data concerned and the situation involved. Along with the clinical example, this paper compares the analysis of the variance on ex-post tests, gain score analysis, analysis by mixed design and analysis of covariance employable for repeating measure. Comparing the analysis of variance on ex post test, and gain score analysis on correlations, leads to the fact that the latter enhances the power of the test and diminishes the variance of error terms. The concluded probability, identified that the gain score analysis and the mixed design on interaction between "between subjects factor" and "within subjects factor", are identical. The analysis of covariance, demonstrated better power of the test and smaller error terms than the gain score analysis. Research on four analysis method found that the analysis of covariance is the most appropriate in clinical data than two repeated test with high correlation and ex ante affects ex post.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.48-55
• /
• 2014

Purpose: In this study, we attempted to provide an evidence for the effects of meridian acupressure on relieving and preventing constipation in the institutionalized elderly. Methods: The research design was a non-equivalent control group, non-synchronized design. The subjects consisted of 31 institutionalized elderly (experimental group: 16, control group: 15). The experimental group was given meridian acupressure for 10 minutes daily for 2 weeks. The data was analyzed by the ${\chi}^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The number of bowel movements per week of the experimental and control group performed meridian acupressure verified by repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that interaction existed between the meridian acupressure availability and the measurement point (F=98.183, p<.001). Repeated measures analysis of variance to compare the changes in Bristol stool form scale scores of the experimental and control group performed meridian acupressure revealed that interaction existed between the meridian acupressure availability and the measurement point (F=48.896, p<.001). Conclusion: The results of this study show the meridian acupressure is a useful nursing intervention on constipation in the institutionalized elderly.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.286-293
• /
• 2022

In this study, we extracted sound waves that can improve psychological skills for volleyball players, investigated the changes that the application training of the extracted sound waves has on the brain waves of volleyball players, and the changes in brain waves are the psychological of volleyball players. The purpose of the research is to investigate the effect on technology. In order to achieve this purpose of the study, a total of 10 people from the experimental group and 10 from the control group were selected as the research subjects of university volleyball players with more than 5 years of volleyball experience. The experimental procedure was for the experimental group to listen to sound waves for more than 30 minutes at least 4 times a week for 12 weeks, and brain waves were measured 3 times before, during, and after. In addition, psychological skills were measured twice before and after. The measured data were subjected to t-test and two-way variance repeated measures analysis using SPSS 20.0. The results obtained through this process are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the differences in psychological skills according to sound wave application training, there were statistically significant differences in goal setting and attention factors of the experimental group. Second, as a result of repeated measurement variance analysis at each time point according to the application of the sound wave application training program, it was found that alpha waves had a synergistic effect at the statistical significance level in the experimental group. Third, as a result of repeated measurement variance analysis at each time point according to the application of the sound wave application training program, it was found that the beta wave had a synergistic effect at the statistical significance level in the experimental group.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.229-240
• /
• 1997

This study analyzed the effects of teacher's scaffolding on children's verbal communication in dramatic play. Twenty-four five-year-old kindergarten children participated. The collected data were analyzed with the repeated measures analysis of variance and two-sample t-tests. The results showed that: the frequency of verbal communication strategies and children's episode length increased in the experimental group where the teacher intervened with the scaffolding. Children in the experimental group showed more positive response in the categories of minimal acceptances and enlarged acceptances. No gender differences were found.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.99-108
• /
• 2020

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of the confusion level in performing dual tasks using smartphones while walking in subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI). METHODS: Twenty subjects with CAI and 20 healthy subjects participated in the study. The spatial, temporal, spatial-temporal, and variability gait parameters were measured using GAITRite under four different conditions: general gait, web surfing during gait, texting during gait, and gaming during gait. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the interaction according to the group (2) and confusion level in dual-tasks (4). One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the changes within the group according to the confusion level in dual-tasks. The changes between groups were compared using an independent t-test. The statistical significance level was set to p = .05. RESULTS: Significant interactions in the temporal and spatial-temporal gait parameters were found between the dual-task conditions and the other groups (p < .05). Significant within-group differences in the spatial, temporal, and spatial-temporal gait parameters were found according to the confusion level in dual tasks (p < .05). Significant between-group differences were observed in the temporal and spatial-temporal gait parameters according to the confusion level in dual tasks (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The effect of the confusion level in dual tasks was greater in subjects with CAI than in healthy individuals. This study suggests that to prevent reinjury to the ankle, subjects with CAI should avoid dual tasks such as using smartphones while walking.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.661-672
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate whether mat exercise and field exercise have effectiveness on the balance and gait in older adults. Thirty subjects were participated in this study. And they were all randomly divided into mat exercise and field exercise group. To evaluate the effects of mat and field exercise, subjects were evaluated by using One Leg Stand test which was static balance test, and Berg Balance test which was dynamic balance test. Finally Gait pattern was assessed by using 3-dimensional gait analysis system. The assessment parameters were evaluated before, after 3 weeks, and after 6 weeks treatments. And we received a consent form from all subjects. The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that One Leg Stand, Berg Balance, Stride length, Cadence, Velocity were significantly increased after than before exercise in both groups. So we conclude that therapeutic exercise that is mat and field exercise has effectiveness on the balance and gait in older adults.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.641-650
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate whether Mulligan manual therapy and Physical therapy have effectiveness on the pain and muscle assessment questionnaire in female elders with osteoarthritis of the knee. Thirty subjects were participated in this study. And they were all randomly divided into Mulligan manual therapy and Physical therapy group. To evaluate the effects of Mulligan manual therapy and Physical therapy, subjects were evaluated by using visual analogue scale and muscle assessment questionnaire. The assessment parameters were evaluated before, after 2 weeks, and after 4 weeks treatments. And we received a consent form from Mulligan manual therapy subjects. The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that pain, strength, endurance, coordination/balance were significantly improved after than before therapy in Mulligan manual therapy group. So we conclude that Mulligan manual therapy has effectiveness on the pain and muscle assessment questionnaire in female elders with osteoarthritis of the knee.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.243-249
• /
• 2017

Pain is subjective, while statistics related to pain research are objective. This review was written to help researchers involved in pain research make statistical decisions. The main issues are related with the level of scales that are often used in pain research, the choice of statistical methods between parametric or nonparametric statistics, and problems which arise from repeated measurements. In the field of pain research, parametric statistics used to be applied in an erroneous way. This is closely related with the scales of data and repeated measurements. The level of scales includes nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. The level of scales affects the choice of statistics between parametric or non-parametric methods. In the field of pain research, the most frequently used pain assessment scale is the ordinal scale, which would include the visual analogue scale (VAS). There used to be another view, however, which considered the VAS to be an interval or ratio scale, so that the usage of parametric statistics would be accepted practically in some cases. Repeated measurements of the same subjects always complicates statistics. It means that measurements inevitably have correlations between each other, and would preclude the application of one-way ANOVA in which independence between the measurements is necessary. Repeated measures of ANOVA (RMANOVA), however, would permit the comparison between the correlated measurements as long as the condition of sphericity assumption is satisfied. Conclusively, parametric statistical methods should be used only when the assumptions of parametric statistics, such as normality and sphericity, are established.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.289-294
• /
• 2015

Linear mixed models are commonly used in the clinical pharmaceutical studies to analyze repeated measures such as the crossover study data of bioequivalence studies. In these models, random effects describe the correlation between repeated outcomes and variance-covariance matrix explain within-subject variabilities. Bioequivalence analysis verifies whether a 90% confidence interval for geometric mean ratio of Cmax and AUC between reference drug and test drug is included in the bioequivalence margin [0.8, 1.25] performed using linear mixed models with period, sequence and treatment effects as fixed and sequence nested subject effects as random. A Levofloxacin study is referred to for an example of real data analysis.

• Educational Technology International
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.1-27
• /
• 2023

This study aimed to examine an augmented reality-based teaching simulation in a mobile application. We examined how AR-enabled interactions affect users' perceived scenario usefulness and avatar realism. The participants were forty-six undergraduate students. We randomly grouped them into two conditions: AR and Non-interactive video groups with equal sample sizes. This study employed an experimental design approach with a one-way multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures. The independent variable is the presence/absence of AR interaction with a mobile application. The dependent variables were avatar realism and scenario usefulness. The measures explored how the student avatar's emotional intensity in a scenario influences user perception. The results showed that participants in the AR-interaction group perceived avatar realism significantly higher than those in the non-interactive video group. Also, participants perceived the high emotional intensity scenario (aggression toward peers) to be significantly higher usefulness than the low emotional intensity scenario (classroom disruption).