• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.1409-1419
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• 2013

최근 종단자료 분석방법으로 많이 연구되는 잠재성장모형으로 청소년 패널자료를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 잠재성장모형 분석에서 비조건적 모형을 좀 더 빠르게 찾기 위해 비조건적 모형에 반복측정 분산분석의 결과를 활용하였다. 또한, 비조건적 모형을 결정하기 위해 기존에 주로 사용된 6개 유형, 2차모형과 반복측정분산분석의 결과를 적용한 모형들을 비교하였다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.105-115
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• 2013

국내의 주름개선 혹은 미백 효능을 평가하기 위한 인체시험 방법은 식약청 가이드라인에 근거하여 시행 되어왔으며, 인체시험에서 육안평가 및 기기평가 결과에 대해 시험군과 대조군 간의 효과를 비교하기 위해서 unpaired t-test를 주로 이용하였고, 시술 전후의 효과를 비교하기 위해서 paired t-test를 이용하였다. 설문평가 결과에 대해서는 빈도분석을 이용한 기술통계법이 이용되고 있다. 미국 및 유럽의 임상 평가기관에서도 이와 유사한 시험법 및 통계분석 방법을 이용하고 있다. 그러나 동일 개체에 대하여 처치를 반복 적용하여 얻은 자료는 서로 관련성이 높아 이를 감안한 분석법을 적용해야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 화장품 분야에서는 처음으로 기능성 화장품 중 주름 개선 및 미백 효능 시험의 육안평가 및 기기평가 자료에 대해 repeated measures ANCOVA (RM ANCOVA)와 repeated measures ANOVA (RM ANOVA)를 적용하여 통계 방법의 타당성 여부를 검증함으로서 현재의 인체시험 방법에 적합한 새로운 통계분석 방법을 제시하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.91-95
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• 2015

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.48-55
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• 2014

Purpose: In this study, we attempted to provide an evidence for the effects of meridian acupressure on relieving and preventing constipation in the institutionalized elderly. Methods: The research design was a non-equivalent control group, non-synchronized design. The subjects consisted of 31 institutionalized elderly (experimental group: 16, control group: 15). The experimental group was given meridian acupressure for 10 minutes daily for 2 weeks. The data was analyzed by the ${\chi}^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The number of bowel movements per week of the experimental and control group performed meridian acupressure verified by repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that interaction existed between the meridian acupressure availability and the measurement point (F=98.183, p<.001). Repeated measures analysis of variance to compare the changes in Bristol stool form scale scores of the experimental and control group performed meridian acupressure revealed that interaction existed between the meridian acupressure availability and the measurement point (F=48.896, p<.001). Conclusion: The results of this study show the meridian acupressure is a useful nursing intervention on constipation in the institutionalized elderly.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.243-249
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• 2017

Pain is subjective, while statistics related to pain research are objective. This review was written to help researchers involved in pain research make statistical decisions. The main issues are related with the level of scales that are often used in pain research, the choice of statistical methods between parametric or nonparametric statistics, and problems which arise from repeated measurements. In the field of pain research, parametric statistics used to be applied in an erroneous way. This is closely related with the scales of data and repeated measurements. The level of scales includes nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. The level of scales affects the choice of statistics between parametric or non-parametric methods. In the field of pain research, the most frequently used pain assessment scale is the ordinal scale, which would include the visual analogue scale (VAS). There used to be another view, however, which considered the VAS to be an interval or ratio scale, so that the usage of parametric statistics would be accepted practically in some cases. Repeated measurements of the same subjects always complicates statistics. It means that measurements inevitably have correlations between each other, and would preclude the application of one-way ANOVA in which independence between the measurements is necessary. Repeated measures of ANOVA (RMANOVA), however, would permit the comparison between the correlated measurements as long as the condition of sphericity assumption is satisfied. Conclusively, parametric statistical methods should be used only when the assumptions of parametric statistics, such as normality and sphericity, are established.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.266-274
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• 1995

We invesigated whether the circadian rhythms of plasma MHPG and HVA concentrations exist in 11 healthy young adults, and analyzed the patterns of their circadian rhythms. The results were as follows : 1) The change in the mean plasma MHPG concentrations analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA was not statistically significant. Five subjects showed significant circadian rhythms of plasma MHPG concentrations of each individual, and 4 of those had the acrophases between 17PM and 24PM. 2) The change in the mean plasma HVA concentrations analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA was not statistically significant. Six subjects showed significant circadian rhythms of plasma HVA concentrations of each individual, and 4 of those had the acrophases between 21PM and 6AM. In conclusion, the circadian rhythm pattern of plasma HVA concentrations in our result is consistent with the previous study. It was suggested that plasma MHPG and HVA concentrations should be measured more frequently, and the physical activities of subjects be controlled more strictly for the following study.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.70-83
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) on delayed onset muscle soreness(DOMS). Twenty males performed eccentric exercise of the elbow flexor. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) a group ($n_1$=7) that received low frequency TENS (7 Hz), 2) a group ($n_2$=7) that received high frequency TENS (500 Hz), 3) a control group ($n_3$=6) that received no treatment. DOMS was induced in a standardised fashion in the non-dominant elbow flexor of all subjects by repeated eccentric exercise. Treatments were applied immediately following exercise and again at 24 hours and at 48 hours after. Subjects attended on three consecutive days for treatment and measurement of elbow flexion, extension and resting angle(universal goniometer), and pain(Visual Analogue Scale; VAS) on a daily basis. Measurements were taken after treatment. Analysis of results using repeated measures analysis of variance(ANOVA) and post hoc tests were as follows: 1) there were between groups differences in pain value at 48 hours after (p<0.05), 2) one-way ANOVA with repeated measurement for pain, resting angle, flexion angle and extension angle revealed significant differences within low frequency TENS group, 3) one-way ANOVA with repeated measurement for flexion angle revealed significant difference within high frequency TENS group.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.623-631
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• 1996

간호사가 사용하는 중재로서 관심을 표현하는 방법이며 의사소통의 통로인 접촉의 한 형태로서의 마사지가 이완과 안녕감을 증진시킬 수 있는지를 알아보기 위해 간편하면서도 장소에 거의 구애를 받지 않는 손마사지를 미국 미네소타주에 살고 있는 22명의 한국 이민노인에게 시행하였다. 자료수집 기간은 1992년 12월부터 1993년 6월까지 약 6개월이 소요되었다. 편의표출방법으로 대상자를 선정한 원시실험연구설계로, 독립 변수로 손마사지를 사용하였고 이완행동, 수축기혈압, 이완기 혈압, 맥박수로 측정한 이완의 정도와 안녕감을 종속변수로 사용하였다. 손마사지는 Snyder등이 개발한 방법으로 한 손에 2분 30초씩 5분이 소요되는데 이틀에 한번씩 6회 실시하였다. 안녕 감을 측정하는 Cantril ladder는 10개의 사다리로 된 도구로 첫번 마사지전, 세번째 마사지후, 그리고 여섯번째 마사지후에 대상자로 하여금 직접 사다리 점수를 매기도록 하였다. Luiselli등이 개발한 이완행동 측정도구로 각 마사지 전후에 대상자의 이완정도를 관찰하였고, 마사지 전후에 혈압과 맥박수를 측정하였다. 자료는 paired t-test와 ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA로 분석하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 1-6회 동안의 마사지전의 이완점수의 평균값과 1-6회 동안의 마사지후의 이완점수의 평균값을 비교한 결과 마사지후에 이완의 정도가 유의하게 증가하였고 (t=10.70, p=.000), repeated measures ANOVA로 검증한 시간에 따른 효과도 유의한 차이를 보였다. 2. 1-6회 동안의 마사지전의 수축기 혈압의 평균값과 1-6회 동안의 마사지후의 수축기 혈압의 평균값을 비교한 결과 마사지후에 수축기 혈압이 유의하게 저하되었 다(t=6.09, p=.000). 3. 1-6회 동안의 마사지전의 이완기 혈압의 평균값과 1-6회 동안의 마사지후의 이완기 혈압의 평균값을 비교한 결과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(t=.27, p=.793). 4. 1-6회 동안의 마사지전의 맥박수의 평균값과 1-6회 동안의 마사지후의 맥박수의 평균값을 비교한 결과 마사지후의 맥박수가 유의하게 감소하였다. (t=4.45, p=.001). 5. Cantril 안녕감의 점수는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(F=2.42, p=1.01)

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether medication and deep brain stimulation (DBS) have differential effects on the speed and amplitude of bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Five PD patients with implanted DBS electrodes (age: $60.6{\pm}7.4yrs$, H&Y stage: $3.1{\pm}0.2$) participated in this study. FT (finger tapping) movement was measured using a gyrosensor system in four treatment conditions: Med (Medication)-off/DBS-off, Med-off/DBS-on, Med-on/DBS-off and Med-on/DBS-on. Quantitative measures representing average speed and amplitude of FT movement included root-mean-squared (RMS) angular velocity and RMS angle. One-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that RMS angular velocity of Med-on/DBS-on was significantly greater than those of Med-off/DBS-off and Med-off/DBS-on (p < 0.01) whereas RMS angle was not different among conditions (p = 0.06). Two way repeated measures ANOVA showed that only medication improved RMS angular velocity (p < 0.01), whereas both medication and DBS had no significant effect on RMS angle (p > 0.02). Effect size of RMS angular velocity was greater than that of RMS angle in both medication and DBS. This suggests that medication and DBS have differential effects on FT bradykinesia and velocity and amplitude impairments may be associated with different functional aspects in PD.

• 중환자간호학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.24-36
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• 2013

Propose: This study was to investigate the educational effect and retention of repeated simulation-based basic life support (BLS) training for nursing students. Methods: A comparison group design with pretest and posttest was used. A total of 35 nursing students (18 for the experimental group, 17 for the control group) participated in the study. A repeated simulationbased BLS training program which include a lecture, skills training, and two repeated sessions of simulation practice and debriefing was provided twice for experimental group. Knowledge, self-efficacy, and skill performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were measured three times: at baseline, week 2, and week 6. Descriptive analysis, repeated measures ANOVA, and t-test were used for data analyses. Results: Knowledge, self-efficacy and skill performance of CPR were not significantly changed by group assignment, by the time, and interaction of group by time. Effectiveness of intervention was not maintained until Week 6. Conclusion: The results suggest that the timing of repeat education, total training time, and students' mastery of CPR performance should be considered when developing simulation-based programs to improve and maintain students' CPR knowledge, self-efficacy, and skill performance.