• 대한한의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2003

Background and Purpose : Chunghyul-dan has been widely used in the Department of Cardiovascular ＆ Neurologic Diseases, Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Center to prevent stroke by lowering serum cholesterol level. Previous experimental and clinical studies revealed that Chunghyul-dan had therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and pancreatic lipase. It was also reported that Chunghyul-dan showed an anti-oxidation effect by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis. Therefore, we examined the safety of Chunghyul-dan on all subjects who had been treated with it. Methods : We performed a retrospective study by reviewing the medical records of those who had been administrated Chunghyul-dan at Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Center from February 8,2001 to December 31,2002. The subjects' general characteristics (gender, age, medical history, and present illness), recorded adverse effects, and the results of laboratory findings were obtained and analyzed to assess the clinical safety of Chunghyul-dan. Results : Six hundred fifty six subjects were treated with Chunghyul-dan. Clinical adverse effects appeared in 13 subjects, the major symptom being indigestion (8 subjects). The apparent frequency of adverse effects was much lower than that in previous reports on the safety of certain medications. On investigation of laboratory findings, we could not find any hepatic or renal toxicity. Conclusion : We suggest that our results contribute towards confirming the safety of Chunghyul-dan by offering clinical evidence.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2008

This study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant potential of A. lanata on oxalate mediated free radical toxicity in ethylene glycol induced calcium oxalate urolithic rats. Calcium oxalate (CaOX) stone was induced by 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for 28 days. From $29^{th}$ day onwards, the CaOX urolithic rats were treated with A. lanata aqueous suspension (2,000 mg/kg body weight/dose/day) orally for another 28 days. At the end of experimental periods the animals were sacrificed, samples were collected and analyzed the lipid peroxidation product, protein oxidation product, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in normal and experimental groups. Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation products were significantly elevated while enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels were significantly decreased in ethylene glycol induced CaOX urolithic rats when compared with control rats. The above alterations were reverted to near control in rats treated with aqueous suspension of A. lanata. This study suggests that A. lanata could prevent the free radical formation from calcium oxalate urolithiasis in rats and protecting the renal cells from oxidative injury.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1978년도 학술대회지
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• pp.55-66
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• 1978

Five ginsenosides $(A_1,\;A_2,\;B_1,\;B_2,\;C)$ and a yellow pigment were isolated from American ginseng stems and leaves. Ginsenoside $A_2,\;B_1,\;B_2$ and C were proven to be identical with Korean ginseng root ginsenoside $Rg_1,$ Rd, Re and $Rb_2,$ respectively. The yellow pigment proved identical with panasenoside isolated from Korean ginseng leaves. Ginsenoside $A_1$, which was also present in American ginseng roots, was not identical to any of the known root (ginsenoside $R_{0}-Rg_{2}$) and leaf (ginsenoside $F_{1}-F_{3}$) Korean ginseng saponins. A gas-liquid chromatographic method was developed to analyze ginsenosides and sapogenins in rabbit plasma and urine samples. Panasenoside and stigmasterol were found to be the best internal standards for ginsenosides and sapogenihs, respectively. Ginsenoside C had a significantly longer half-life, higher plasma protein binding, lower metabolic and renal clearance than ginsenoside $A_1,\;A_2\;and\;B_2$. Ginsenosides were not found in rabbit plasma and urine samples after oral administration. Ginsenoside C had a higher toxicity than ginsenoside $A_2$ after intraperitoneal administration to mice. Toxicity was not observed after oral administration of the ginsenosides.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 1996

The renal toxicity of the extract of Polygalae Radix was investigated in rats. Rats were treated with 3.5 mg/Kg of the extract, i.p., for 7 days. Changes in consumatory behavior, 24 hour-urine and the activities of urinary enzymes were determined during the administration of the extract. Significant decrease in body weight and food consumption and increase in 24 hour-urine volume were observed during the administration. However, the quantity of total creatinine in urine was decreased significantly. Those indicate that subacute treatment with the extract might induce diuresis and the ditiresis might be due to the decrease in water reabsorption. In the activities of urinary enzymes, the activities of alanine aminopejotidase (AAP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were increased 4.3 and 3.5 times and then returned to the control. The activity of N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was increased 7.2 times and then decreased slowly. But, it was significantly higher than that of the control evea after the last administration. The activity of factate dehydrogenase (LDH) was increased continuozlsly during the treatment. It showed 32 times higher than the control. These results suggested that the extract of Polygalae Radix had toxic effect on kidney. Furthermore, the result suggested that the subacute administration of the extract induced resistance against the toxicity of Polygalae Radix.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2002

The subacute oral toxicity of 1-(4-methylpiperazinyl)-3-phenylisoquinoline (CWJ- a-5) was investigated in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Five groups of 5 males and 5 females were orally administered at doses of 0, 37.5, 75, 150 and 200 mg/kg with CWJ-a-5 for 2 weeks. In clinical signs, Salivation was observed in the 75, 150 and 500 mg/kg male and female groups. Loss of fur was observed in the 500 mg/kg male and female group. Body weight were significantly decreased in the 150 and 500 mg/kg male groups and in the 500 mg/kg female group. Food consumption was significantly decreased in the 300 mg/kg male group. In serum biochemistry, total cholesterol and phospholipid were significantly increased in 500 mg/kg male and female group. Aspartate aminotransferase was significantly increased in the 500 mg/kg female group. In histopathological examination, vacuolar degeneration of renal tubules in the kidney, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes in the liver vacuolar degeneration of myocytes in the heart, vacuolar degeneration of histiocytes in the spleen and thymus, atrophy of seminiferous tubule and degeneration of germinal epithelium in the testis, vacuolar degeneration of corpus luteum, granulosa cell and theca cell in the ovary were observed in the 150 and 500 mg/kg male and female groups. Based on these results, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) with CWJ-a-5 was considered to be 75 mg/kg and the absolute toxic dose was considered to be 150 mg/kg in this study

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.211-216
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• 2001

This studs was carried out to evaluate KBrO$_3$-induced acute toxicity by clinical pathological parameters in rats. Fourty rats were divided into 4 groups including normal group and three KBrO$_3$-treated groups with doses of 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg, p. o., respectively. Creatinine and BUN were increased remarkably by KBrO$_3$ at 400 mg/kg, respectively (p<0.05, p<0.01). Phosphorus content increased two times the control at 400 mg/kg (p<0.05). Osmolarity was increased, whereas $CO_2$ content showed decrease at 400 mg/kg, respectively (p<0.01, p<0.05). Histopathological findings also showed dose-dependent renal failure. On the other hand, AST was increased three times the control at 400 mg/kg (p<0.01). WBC was increased by KBrO$_3$ depending on the dosage. Platelet was decreased at 200 mg/kg, whereas it was increased at 400 mg/kg (p<0.05). The results above suggest that clinical pathological parameters could be used as indices for the evaluation of KBrO$_3$-induced acute toxic reponse occuring in not only kidney but other organs including liver, when the dosage is as high as 400 mg/kg.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.155-168
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• 2002

목적 : 전신성 홍반성 낭창(Systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE)은 여러장기를 침범하는 자가면역성 질환으로 신장의 손상이 본 질환의 예후를 좌우하는 주요원인이다. 특히 소아에서 루프스 신염은 성인보다 그 빈도가 높고, 증상이 심하므로, 신생검은 효과적인 치료의 계획을 위해서 중요한 수기이다. 이에 저자는 소아연령에서 루프스 신염의 임상적 병리학적 특성 및 치료방법에 대해 전반적으로 고찰하여 예후의 향상을 기대하고자 한다. 방법 : 1990년 1월부터 2002년 9월까지 소아과에서 전신성 홍반성 낭창으로 진단받은 63례의 환아중 신생검을 시행하여 루프스 신염으로 진단되었던 40례를 대상으로 의무 기록을 후향적으로 고찰하였다. 결과 : 환아의 남녀비는 1:3이었고 진단당시 평균발병 연령은 12.1(2-18)세였다. ARA 기준중에서는 형광 항핵항체(95.0%), 항dsDNA항체(87.5%), 나비모양 홍반(80.0%)의 순이었다. 가장 흔한 신장증상은 단백뇨와 현미경적 혈뇨(75.0%), 신증후군(55.0%), 현미경적 혈뇨 단독(15.0%)의 순이었고, 신생검상 27례(67.5%)에서 WHO Class IV 병변이 관찰되었고 3례에서 추적 관찰 신생검에서 조직소견이 바뀌었다. 치료는 prednisolone 단독 5례, prednisolone+azathioprine 9례, prednisolone+azathioprine+정맥cyclophosphamide 14례, prednisolone+cyclosporineA+정맥 cyclophosphamide 12례였고, 9례에서 혈장 교환술을 시행하였다. 환아들의 평균 추적관찰은 $51.8{\pm}40.5$개월이었고 사망은 4례에서 있었다. 사망과 관련된 위험인자로는 진단당시 성별이 남아일 때, WHO class IV의 조직소견, 급성 신부전을 동반할 때 의미있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : SLE 환아 중 루프스 신염의 빈도는 63.5%였으며 그중 67.5%가 예후가 불량한 WHO Class IV로 확인되었다. 따라서 신염의 초기에 적극적인 면역억제제 사용이 장기 예후 향상에 도움을 주리라고 생각된다. 하지만 소아기에 성장, 정신 사회적 발달, 생식기의 독성 등도 중요한 문제이므로 항상 적절한 치료를 위해 세심한 관심을 쏟아야 할 것이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.985-989
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• 2015

Background: Docetaxel, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (DCF) given every three weeks is an effective, but palliative regimen and significantly toxic especially in patients who have a low performance score. Here, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a weekly formulation of DCF in locally advanced and metastatic gastric cancer patients. Materials and Methods: 64 gastric cancer patients (13 locally advanced and 51 metastatic) whose ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) performance status (PS) was 1-2 and who were treated with at least two cycles of weekly DCF protocol as first-line treatment were included retrospectively. The weekly DCF protocol included $25mg/m^2$ docetaxel, $25mg/m^2$ cisplatin, and 24 hours infusion of $750mg/m^2$ 5-fluorouracil, repeated every week. Disease and patient characteristics, prognostic factors, treatment response, grade 3-4 toxicity related to treatment, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Results: Of the patients, 41 were male and 23 were female; the median age was 63 (29-82) years. Forty-one patients were ECOG-1 and 23 were ECOG-2. Of the total, 81.2% received at least three cycles of chemotherapy. Partial response was observed in 28.1% and stabilization in 29.7%. Overall, the disease was controlled in 57.8% whereas progression was noted in 42.2%. The median time to progression was 4 months (95%CI, 2.8-5.2 months) and median overall survival was 12 months (95%CI, 9.2-14.8 months). The evaluation of patients for grade 3-4 toxicity revealed that 10.9% had anemia, 7.8% had thrombocytopenia and 10.9% had neutropenia. Non-hematologic toxicity included renal toxicity (7.8%) and thrombosis (1.6%). Conclusions: In patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer who were not candidates for DCF administered every-3-weeks, a weekly formulation of DCF demonstrated modest activity with minimal hematologic toxicity, suggesting that weekly DCF is a reasonable treatment option for such patients.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권8호
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• pp.275-282
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• 2015

While the incidence of nephrotic syndrome (NS) is decreasing in Korea, the morbidity of difficult-to-treat NS is significant. Efforts to minimize treatment toxicity showed that prolonged treatment after an initial treatment for 2-3 months with glucocorticosteroids was not effective in reducing frequent relapses. For steroid-dependent NS, rituximab, a monoclonal antibody against the CD20 antigen on B cells, was proven to be as effective, and short-term daily low-dose steroids during upper respiratory infections reduced relapses. Steroid resistance or congenital NS are indications for genetic study and renal biopsy, since the list of genes involved in NS is lengthening.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.56-56
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• 2003

The reactivity and toxicity of arsenic compounds depend on the their oxidative states. Exposure to arsenic causes many human health effects, including cardiovascular, hepatic and renal disease, in addition to cancer in kidney, liver, lung, urinary bladder and skin. The cytotoxic effects of arsenite on normal hepatocyte, which most of its biotranfomation takes place. (omitted)