• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2002

Pressure sores are an ulceration and necrosis of the skin and underlying tissue usually occur after prolonged or repeated pressure by interruption of blood flow from the small. vessels to the skin and deep tissue. The management of pressure sores is mostly difficult and requires prolonged hospitalization or repeated surgical interventions with a high recurrence rate. In this article we reviewed 14 cases of National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Pannel staging III, IV over the lateral malleolar area of the ankle in 2 years period from January 1999 to October 2001. The pressure over lateral malleolar area was mainly due to unique Korean sitting position with cross legs at flexed hips and knees or supine position of patient with external rotation of low extremity. Male to female ratio was 11: 3 and ages were between 36 and 83 (mean age: 67.1 years). Associated diseases were DM(7 cases), Hemiparesis caused by CVA(2 cases), Liver cirrhosis(2 cases), disarticulation of opposite hip due to squamous cell ca.(1 case), Intertrochanteric Fx.(1 case). Wound cultures reported Staphylococus, Pseudomonas and others. Abnormally elevated ESR and CRP were seen in 6 cases. Operative treatments were irrigation and debridement, direct closure with gravity drainage and skin grafting. The most important aspect of pressure sore treatment is pressure relief of the lateral malleolar area. Pressure-relieving Cast or Brace was helpful for local management and preventing recurrence.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to investigate an analytical approach for opening performance evaluation of the nuclear pressure safety valve based on standard codes such as ASME or KEPIC. It is well-known that safety valve is considered as one of pressure relief valves for protecting a boiler or pressure vessel from exceeding the maximum allowable working pressure. When pressure in a container reaches its set pressure, the safety valve commences discharging the internal fluid by a sudden opening called as popping. Safety valve is usually evaluated by set pressure, full open, blow-down, leakage and flow capacity. The test procedure and technical requirement for performance evaluation is described in international code of ASME code such as BPVC. The opening characteristics of steam safety valve can be analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and steam shaft dynamics. First, the flow analysis along opening process is simulated by running the CFD models of the ten types of opening steps from 0 to 100%. As a analysis result, the various CFD outputs of flow pattern, pressure, forces on the disc and mass flow at each simulation step is demonstrated. The lift force is calculated by using the forces applied on disc from static pressure and secondary flow. And, the effect of huddle chamber or control chamber is studied by dynamic analysis based on CFD simulation results such as lift force. As a result, dynamics analysis shows opening features according to the sizes of control chamber.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.168-181
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identified patterns of studies and to analyze the nursing research related to the massage intervention in Korea and to improve direction of nursing research in massage intervention in Korea. Methods: The research studies related to the massage were selected from the Korean Nurses Academic Society Journal and dissertation which were conducted experimental research design the last 7 years in Korea. The total numbers of the studies were 58. Result: The study subjects were post operational state in 34.5%, healthy adult in 17.2% studies. The others dealt with infant, cancer, dementia, hypertension, preterm neonates, elderly. Types of massage were whole body in 31.1%, foot in 22.6%, hand in 17.2%, back in 13.8% studies. And Meridian massage in 17.2%. Length of massage was below 5 minutes in 17.2%, 6~10 minutes in 29.4% and 11~20 minutes in 32.8% studies. Frequency of massage was only 1 time in 25.9%, 2~5 times in 31.1% studies. Massage produced psychological and physiological effects. Positive psychologic effects were anxiety relief, pain relief, mood enhancement and fatigue relief. Positive physiologic effects on body systems were blood pressure, heart rate, edema, skin temperature, immune system, blood glucose, excretion, PMS syndrome and growth and development. Conclusion: As a result, effects of massage were almost positive. Therefore massage is useful alternative nursing intervention. But more attention research is needed to identify the objectivity instrument to measure and repeat research.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.49-53
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• 2009

Relief systems can improve the process safety because it has the function for the prevention of overpressure. Flare stacks is necessary to avoid explosion, radiation, or toxicity by waste-gas emitted from relief system. Safe combustion is one of the important factors to improve safety and the quantity and velocity emitted is ruled in the API code 521. Due to the pressure of released gas and mass flow, a flame from flare stack is similar to jet fire. In this study, we have investigated the effect of flame form on complete combustion and heat emission. API code was similar to jet fire model in flame length, the flame had an effect on the ground.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.344-352
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was to test the reliability and validity of a Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-Revised (DRSEQ-R) in Korean college students, Methods: The DRSEQ-R was designed to assess an individual's belief in their ability to refuse drinking alcohol by Oei et al. (2005) and consisted of three factors (social pressure, opportunity, and emotional relief). A methodological study design with an exploratory factor analysis for validity and correlation coefficients for reliability was used. DRSEQ-R was translated into Korean and a translation equivalency was obtained. DRSEQ-R was tested with a sample of 201 college students in Korea. The subjects consisted of 106 males and 95 females. Principal component factor analysis was used for construct validity and Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate for internal consistency of the instrument. Results: The factor analysis showed three factors explaining 66.3% of total variance and the corresponding factors were emotional relief (48.01%), drinking contextual opportunity (11.18%), and social pressure (7.14%). The internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha=.937). All three factors of DRSEQ-R negatively correlated with alcohol dependency and a heavy drinker showed a lower DRSEQ-R than a moderate drinker. Conclusion: Based on the findings, DRSEQ-R is a reliable and valid instrument to measure for drinking refusal self-efficacy in Korean college students.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.48-70
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of music therapy on acute, subacute and chronic pain and depression of musculoskeletal trauma patients. The study was designed using nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design within the framework of an adaptation model. The subjects were composed of forty patients, and twenty of them were assigned to the experimental group and twenty to the control group within the unit of patients. Data were summarized as follows : 1. There were significant changes of pain scores in an experimental and a control group measured before and after the treatment. 2. There were significant changes of pulse rates, respiration rates and systolic blood pressure, but were no significant changes of diastolic blood pressure in an experimental and a control group measured before and after the treatment. 3. There were no significant changes of the amount of ${\beta}$-endorphin in an experimental and a control group measured before and after the treatment. 4. There were no significant changes of depression scores in an experimental and a control group measured before and after the treatment. As a result, music therapy was a useful nursing intervention for relief of acute, subacute and chronic pain. Two suggestions could be made on the ground of the results of this study. 1. On the basis of endogenous pain control theory, it's necessary to research the changes of the amount of ${\beta}$-endorphin as the effect of the music therapy on patients having severe pain. 2. It's necessary to research the changes of the amount of ${\beta}$-endorphin according to the lapse of time after the music therapy for pain relief.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06d
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• pp.813-820
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• 2001

The Safety depressurization System(SDS) of KNGR prevents RCS from overpressurization by discharging high pressure and temperature coolant through the I-sparger into the IRWST during an accident. If IRWST water temperature rise locally, around the sparger, beyond $200_{\circ}$2000 F by the discharged coolant, unstable steam condensation can cause large pressure load on the IRWST wall. To investigate whether this condition can be avoided for the design basis event IOPOSRV(Inadvertent Opening of one Pilot Operated Safety Relief Valve), the flow and temperature distribution of water in the IRWST is calculated by using CFX 4.3 computational fluid dynamic code. According to the results, since pool water temperature does not exceeds temperature limit within 50 seconds after the opening of one POSRV, it can be assured that the integrity of IRWST wall is maintained.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.103-111
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• 1993

Recently, several high-tensile steels(e.g. 80kg and above, $2^{1/4}Cr$-1Mo)having good quality to high temperature and pressure-resistance are widely used to construct petroleum-plant and pressure vessel of heat or nuclear-power plant. However, in the steels, reheating crack at grain boundaries of the heat affected zone(HAZ) occures during post welding heat treatment(PWHT)to remove welding residual stress. In order to study theoretically the characteristics of reheating crack created by PWHT, the computer program of three-dimensional thermal-elasto-plasto-creep analysis based on finite element method are developed, and then the mechanical behavior(history of creep strain accumulation and stress relaxation, etc)of welded join in thick plate during PWTH is clarified by the numerical results.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.104-108
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• 1997

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension, a syndrome of low CSF pressure, occurs without preceding events such as lumbar puncture, back trauma, operative procedure or medical illness. The most characteristic symptom is an occipital or frontal headache which is aggrevated in the erect position and relieved in the supine position. This syndrome usually resolves spontaneously or with strict bed rest. When the headach persists or is incapacitating, more aggressive treatment may be necessary. Autologous epidural blood patch is highly effective in the management of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Epidural blood produces an organized clot which effectively tamponade any dural CSF leak. The rapid relief of headache immediately after the infusion of blood occur by some other mechanism, such as an increase in subarachnoid pressure that is known to occur with infusion of fluid into the lumbar epidural space. We report three cases of spontaneous intracranial hypotension successfully treated with epidural blood patch.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.765-772
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• 1987

Double-chambered right ventricle [DCRV] as a clinical and anatomic entity was separated from other forms of right ventricle obstruction, and frequently associated with VSD. We experienced surgical treatment of 6 cases of DCRV with VSD. Among them, PDA in a case, PFO in two cases and one case of mild infundibular PS were associated. Preoperative cardiac catheterizations and RV cineangiograms showed about 69 mmHg. of pressure gradient in average between RV inflow and outflow portion, and filling defect by anomalous muscle bundles in the sinus portion of RV. On operation, VSD and other associated anomaly were corrected after resection of anomalous muscle bundle for relief of the obstruction through the vertical RV-tomy site. Postoperative EKG showed complete RBBB, but hemodynamic problems were not developed. Postoperative cardiac catheterizations showed markedly decreased pressure gradient between two chambers, that was about 15 mmHg. in average. Postoperative course was smooth and discharged without any problems.