• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.35-44
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• 2019

Purpose - This study focuses on the continuance intention of O2O fresh agricultural products e-commerce. By literature review, this paper looks through the classical theories which are often applied to study use behavior and continuance intention on the electronic commerce area. Ultimately based on the expectancy theory, Technology acceptance model, success model as well as trust model, a model of the continuance intention of fresh products O2O electronic commerce application is established. Research design, data, and methodology - Among users Chinese consumers have been chosen who have use experience as the research objects. From October 2, 2018 to November 2, 2018, 685 questionnaires in total were collected by the online release and collection. Expect for the negative questionnaires, the remaining 650 pieces of data are statistically analyzed. The collected data were firstly be analyzed by SPSS Ver. 25 on its frequency, reliability and exploratory factors. Then AMOS Ver. 25 is applied to the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Discriminant Validity and hypothesis testing of the Structural Equation Modeling. Finally, the following research conclusions could be obtained from the hypothesis testing. Results - Firstly, in the extended IS model, quality factor for hypothesis testing, service quality, information quality and delivery quality have obviously present positive influences on satisfaction respectively. Secondly, in the hypothesis testing part of ECM-ISC model and UTAUT model, all hypotheses have presented accepted results. Especially from expectation confirmation to usefulness perception, the influence factor achieves 12.603, In the hypothesis of continuance intention, the influence factor of social influence on continuance intention is 7.748 and also it is the most remarkable one. Conclusions - The results show that the service quality of O2O fresh agricultural products e-commerce has the greatest impact on satisfaction, while the perceived usefulness of consumers has the most significant impact on O2O fresh agricultural products for sustainable use intention. This thesis makes up for the blank of O2O fresh food e-commerce for sustainable use intentions, and provides a theoretical basis for consumers' sustainable use behavior, and practical enlightenment for the sustainable development of O2O fresh agricultural products e-commerce.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

This study has been focused on determining the chemical composition of $^{14}C$ - in terms of both organic and inorganic $^{14}C$ contents - in reactor coolant from 3 different PWR's reactor type. The purpose was to evaluate the characteristic of $^{14}C$ that can serve as a basis for reliable estimation of the environmental release at domestic PWR sites. $^{14}C$ is the most important nuclide in the inventory, since it contributes one of the main dose contributors in future release scenarios. The reason for this is its high mobility in the environment, biological availability and long half-life(5730yr). More recent studies - where a more detailed investigation of organic $^{14}C$ species believed to be formed in the coolant under reducing conditions have been made - show that the organic compounds not only are limited to hydrocarbons and CO. Possible organic compounds formed including formaldehyde, formic acid and acetic acid, etc. Under oxidizing conditions shows the oxidized carbon forms, possibly mainly carbon dioxide and bicarbonate forms. Measurements of organic and inorganic $^{14}C$ in various water systems were also performed. The $^{14}C$ inventory in the reactor water was found to be 3.1 GBq/kg in PWR of which less than 10% was in inorganic form. Generally, the $^{14}C$ activity in the water was divided equally between the gas- and water- phase. Even though organic $^{14}C$ compound shows that dominant species during the reactor operation, But during the releasing of $^{14}C$ from the plant stack, chemical forms of $^{14}C$ shows the different composition due to the operation conditions such as temperature, pH, volume control tank venting and shut down chemistry.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.220-227
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• 2004

Phosphorus desorption study is essential to understanding P behavior in agricultural and environmental soils because phosphorus is considered as two different aspects, a plant nutrient versus an environmental contaminant. This study was conducted to determine soil P buffering power related to P desorption quantity intensity (Q/I) parameters, $Q_{max}$(an index of P release capacity) and $l_0$(an index of the intensity factor), and to investigate the characteristics of relationship between the P desorption Q/I parameters and the soil properties. Soil samples were prepared with treatments of 0 and $100mg\;P\;kg^{-1}$ applied as $KH_2PO_4$ solution. The P desorption Q/I curves were obtained by a procedure using anion exchange resin beads and described by an empirical equation ($Q=aI^{-1}+bln(I+1)+c$). The P desorption Q/I curves for the high available P (${\g}20mg\;kg^{-1}$ of Olsen P) soils were characteristic concave trends with or without soil P enrichment, whereas for the low available P (${\lt}20mg\;kg^{-1}$ of Olsen P) soils, the anticipated Q/I concave curves could not be obtained without a proper amount of P addition. When the soils were enriched in phosphates, the values of desorbed solid phase labile P and solution P, such as $Q_{max}$ and $I_0$ respectively, were increased, but the ratio of $Q_{max}$ versus $I_0$ was decreased. Thus, the slope of desorption Q/I curve represented as phosphorus buffering power, $|BP_0|$, is decreased. The $|BP_0|$ values of the high available P soils ranged between 48 and $61L\;kg^{-1}$ in the P untreated samples and between 18 and $44L\;kg^{-1}$ in the P enriched samples. Overall $|BP_0|$ values of both low and high available P soils treated with $l00mg\;P\;kg^{-1}$ ranged between 14 and $79L\;kg^{-1}$. The $Q_{max}$, values ranged between 71.4 and $173.1mg\;P\;kg^{-1}$, and the lo values ranged between 0.98 and $3.82mg\;P\;L^{-1}$ in the P enriched soils. The $Q_{max}$ and $I_0$ values that control the P buffering power may be not specifically related to a specific soil property, but those values were complicatedly related to soil pH, clay content, soil organic matter content, and lime. Also, phosphorus release activity, however, markedly depended on the desorbability of the applied P as well as the native labile P.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2015

Olmesartan affiliated to biopharmaceutics classification system class 2 is a poorly water soluble drug. For this reason, olmesartan showed a low bioavailability and a lot of difficulties in the process of designing the pharmaceutical formulation. We prepared the solid dispersions of olmesartan. We confirmed the dissolution rate of drug which was prepared by manufacturing. The pharmaceutical formulation of solid dispersions was designed by using PVP as water soluble polymer. We analyzed morphological feature of solid dispersion by employing a scanning electron microscope. Then, the crystalline property of solid dispersion was confirmed through X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter. Also, the chemical change of solid dispersion was confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In vitro dissolution test was used to analyze the dissolution rate of solid dispersion. The prepared solid dissolution olmesartan confirmed the dissolution rate in the pH 1.2. It was compared with olmetec and improved dissolution rate through solid dispersion.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.7-14
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• 2019

The compacted bentonite buffer is one of the major components of an engineered barrier system (EBS) for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW), and it is considered the best candidate for the buffer material. The buffer is located between disposal canisters and near-field rock mass, and it interrupts the release of radionuclide from disposal canisters and protect them from the penetration of groundwater. At initial disposal condition, degree of saturation of the compacted bentonite buffer decreases because of high thermal quantities released from the disposal canisters. However, the degree of saturation of the compacted bentonite buffer gradually increases caused by inflow of groundwater. The saturated and unsaturated behavior of the buffer is a very important input data since it can determine the safety performance of EBS. Therefore, this paper investigated water retention capacity (WRC) for the Korean compacted bentonite buffer. The WRC of the compacted bentonite buffer was derived by measuring volumetric water content and water suction when temperature variation was between 24℃~125℃ considering decrease of degree of saturation with respect to temperature increase. The WRC was also derived with the same volumetric water content under the room temperature condition, and it showed 1~15% larger water suction than high temperature condition.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2007

This paper experimentally investigates the effects of oxygen-enriched air (OEA) on the running behaviors of an LPG SI engine during both start/warm-up (SW) and hot idling (HI) stages. The experiments were performed on an air-cooled, single-cylinder, 4-stroke, LPG SI engine with an electronic fuel injection system and an electrically-heated oxygen sensor. OEA containing 23% and 25% oxygen (by volume) was supplied for the experiments. The throttle position was fixed at that of idle condition. A fueling strategy was used as following: the fuel injection pulse width (FIPW) in the first cycle of injection was set 5.05 ms, and 2.6 ms in the subsequent cycles till the achieving of closed-loop control. In closed-loop mode, the FIPW was adjusted by the ECU in terms of the oxygen sensor feedback. Instantaneous engine speed, cylinder pressure, engine-out time-resolved HC, CO and NOx emissions and excess air coefficient (EAC) were measured and compared to the intake air baseline (ambient air, 21% oxygen). The results show that during SW stage, with the increase in the oxygen concentration in the intake air, the EAC of the mixture is much closer to the stoichiometric one and more oxygen is made available for oxidation, which results in evidently-improved combustion. The ignition in the first firing cycle starts earlier and peak pressure and maximum heat release rate both notably increase. The maximum engine speed is elevated and HC and CO emissions are reduced considerably. The percent reductions in HC emissions are about 48% and 68% in CO emissions about 52% and 78%; with 23% and 25% OEA, respectively, compared to ambient air. During HI stage, with OEA, the fuel amount per cycle increases due to closed-loop control, the engine speed rises, and speed stability is improved. The HC emissions notably decrease: about 60% and 80% with 23% and 25% OEA, respectively, compared to ambient air. The CO emissions remain at the same low level as with ambient air. During both SW and HI stages, intake air oxygen enrichment causes the delay of spark timing and the increased NOx emissions.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2016

In the wake of expanding and overpopulating urban areas, traffic congestion has been worsening increasingly, causing huge economic losses. In a bid to effectively use the space of metropolitan areas, the construction and operation of a double deck tunnel has been on the rise. On the other hand, a lower height of a double deck tunnel is expected to generate more smoke and soot in a fire than other usual tunnels. Therefore, it is undesirable to apply the standard for fire intensity or smoke generation, which were designed for existing road tunnels. A part of an effort to propose a design fire curve that is useful for double deck tunnel, is intended to obtain and analyze the fire characteristics in a double deck tunnel through a real scale fire test. The test was conducted according to the fire scenario with one passenger car and two passenger cars; the monitored fire intensity was a maximum of 2.4 MW and 3.5 MW, respectively.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 2006

Experimental leaching of tailings was performed as a function of times (1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days) in the laboratory using reaction solutions equilibrated to three different pH set-points (pHs 1,3 and 5). The initial pHs of 5 and 3 stabilized at either 4.6-6.1 or 2.8-3.5 in 2 days and decrease gradually with time afterwards. The results of the leaching tests indicate that the significant increase in the sulfate concentrations and in acidity after 7 days of leaching results from the oxidation of sulfide minerals. There were no significant variations in the extractable Pb found in the leach solutions of pH 5 and 3 within the reaction time (1-30 days), while Zn, Cd and Cu concentrations tend to significantly increase with time. In tailings leaching at an initial pH=1, two trends were observed: i) The 'Zn-type' (Zn, Cd and Cu), with increasing concentrations between days 1 and 30, corresponding to the expected trend when continuous dissolution is the dominant process, ii) the 'Pb-type' (Pb), with decreasing concentrations over time, suggesting rapid dissolution of a Pb source followed by the precipitation of 'anglesite' in relation to the large increase in dissolved sulfates. The high sulfate concentrations were coupled with high concentrations of released Fe, Zn and Cd. Release of Zn and Cd and acidity from these leaching experiments can potentially pose adverse impact to surface and groundwater qualities in the surrounding environment. The kinetic problems could be the important factor which leads to increasing concentrations of trace metals in the runoff water.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2011

Understanding the metapopulation structure and movement of a species are required for conserving the species. In this paper, migration patterns and connectivity of patches of a threatened butterfly, Parnassius bremeri Bremer, were postulated using the mark-release-recapture (MRR) technique in a habitat located in the mid-southern region of the Korean peninsula. A total of 194 individuals were captured (137 males and 57 females) and, of them, 93 individuals (73 males and 20 females) were recaptured during the MRR experiment. The migration analysis showed 23-150% immigration and 28-53% emigration. There were high correlations between the migrating individuals and the distance between patches, but there was no correlation between migrating individuals and patch size or between migrating individuals and the number of host plants. Consequently, the migration of butterflies occurred frequently between closer patches, while patch size and quantity of the food plant had minor effects on migration behavior. Additionally, males migrated more frequently than females. Analysis of the migration patterns of P. bremeri showed that the central patch played an important role on linking patch groups and more frequent migrations were monitored between nearby patches than between the remote patches. This study suggested that active migrations take place between the neighboring multiple patches and these are accelerated if there is a stepping-stone patch between them.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.111-124
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• 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to suggest effective methods for not only preventing college students from being exposed to smoking but also helping them stop smoking, by examining and analysing a variety of factors related to their smoking behavior. Methods: To accomplish the purpose, this study was carried out using 1,553 valid questionnaires selected from 1,584 questionnaires completed and returned by 1,800 randomly chosen students of 2 colleges and 3 universities in Gyeongsangbuk-do Province and Daegu City during the period of April 3 through April 21, 2006. Results: It was turned out that while the total smoking rate of whole students was 52.4% in male students and 9.1% in female students, the smoking rate after their admission to the college was 27.1% in males and 1.5% in females. It was also shown that both the perceived susceptibility and barrier factors of Health Belief Model were statistically significant, and that the perceived seriousness factors were entirely significant in all other variables except the body seriousness. The perceived benefit factors were significant in only the variable that there would not be any improvement in academic performance even after stopping smoking. A relation between smoking and stop smoking program or smoking prevention program showed that the non-smoking rate was significantly high among the college students who participated in such programs while in middle school. When variables having a significant effect on smoking students after their admission were analysed, it was shown that the smoking rate was higher among males than females students, and that the more the number of smoking friends is and the more the number of students thinking that stop smoking would make it difficult to release stress and make friends is, the higher the smoking rate is among students. It is required, therefore, to encourage students to continuously participate in more smoking prevention programs from middle school, and to put an emphasis on a variety of smoking-related illnesses and advantages from non-smoking. Conclusions: Since the current smoking rate among college students is relatively high but most of the smoking students surveyed are ready to actually try to stop smoking, it will be possible to significantly reduce the smoking rate among college students if proper methods are suggested to eliminate barrier factors they face while participating in the stop smoking programs.