• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2012

This study was carried out to cultivate evergreen-leaved tree container seedlings having low cost of equipment and easy to control. Two species of V. odoratissimum var. awabuki and Q. glauca planting in respective underground container were showed survival rate above 90%. The Relative growth rates of height was good in non-treatment and root collar diameter was no significant difference between treatments. The T/R ratio was respectively 1.1, 1.0 in container type of F, G. and root's biomass products was more effective than others. A container type of F showed better Quailty index than others with 16.2 values. Q. glauca was higher T/R ratio in root development than shoot and the quality index was high in container type of E, D with 4.0. 3.5, respectively. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, we can concluded that the underground container type was suitable to F in V. odoratissimum var. awabuki and to D or E in Q. glauca.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2011

This paper investigates phrase positional effects on the timing of F0 (pitch) peaks in Tokyo Japanese disyllabic words with varying accent type (HL or LH) and phrase position (final or non final). The F0 peak timing was normalized by the total word duration ('normalized H timing'). The normalized H timing was significantly affected by accent type and phrase position. The H timing was later in the LH accent type than in the HL accent type, and in non final positions than in final positions. In addition, to examine the validity of the quantitative results, different models of phrase position effects were compared by measuring H timing in two approaches: normalization versus relative distance measures. For the normalization measures, the H timing was measured as the time of the F0 peak divided by the total word duration or by the duration of the tone bearing syllable. For the relative distance measures, the H timing was measured as the distance in milliseconds from the end of the word or from the end of the associated syllable. The best model was the normalization by the total word duration, rather than by the duration of the tone bearing syllable. This means that phrase positional effects on the timing of F0 peaks in Japanese disyllabic words are best modeled in terms of proportion of the total word duration.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제26권6_2호
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• pp.1109-1115
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• 2023

The shell and tube-type heat exchanger was the most utilized in industrial field because of its simple structure and wide operation conditions and so on. This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of behavior of thermal flow according to operation condition of small-sized shell and tube-type heat exchanger. The operation conditions, here, were set up to flow rate of hot air with temperature of 100℃, number of baffle and cut rate of baffle(BCR) using numerical analysis. As the results, both mean relative pressure and relative pressure drop was increased with quadratic curve in case of less than BCR 25%, however, decreased linearly in case of more than BCR 25%. The collision with first baffle by flow velocity and temperature, of hot air, respectively, was depended on BCR. Further it showed that the behaviors between flow velocity and temperature were almost similar.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.379-389
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• 2021

Soil microorganism activity in an agricultural field is affected by various factors including climate conditions, soil chemical properties, and crop cultivation. In this study, we elucidate the correlation between microorganism activity and agricultural environment factors using the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) value, which is one of the indicators of soil microbial activity. As a result, the various factors noted above were related to the DHA value. Annual rainfall, soil Mg2+, bacterial and fungal diversities, types of crops, developmental stages, seasons, and cultivation status were highly correlated with the DHA value. Furthermore, next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis was used to identify that the type of crop affected soil microbial compositions of both bacteria and fungi. Soil used for soybean cultivation showed the highest relative abundance for Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, and Acidobacteria but Actinobacteria and Firmicutes had the lowest relative abundance. In the case of soil used for potato cultivation, Actinobacteria had the highest relative abundance but Proteobacteria had the lowest relative abundance. Armatimonadetes showed the highest relative abundance in soil used for cabbage cultivation. Among the fungal communities, Mortierellomycota had the highest relative abundance for soybean cultivation but the lowest relative abundance for cabbage cultivation; further, Rozellomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Cercozoa had the highest relative abundance for cabbage cultivation. Basidiomycota had the highest relative abundance for potato cultivation but the lowest relative abundance for soybean cultivation.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.321-325
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• 2003

방사선작업종사자가 우라늄을 5년간 만성 흡입섭취하는 경우, 우라늄의 입자크기$(0.1{\sim}10{\mu}m)$, 흡수형태(Type M, Type S) 및 섭취형태(급성, 만성)가 방사선작업종사자의 내부피폭선량 평가 결과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 우라늄을 1 Bq/day의 섭취율로 섭취할 경우 매분기 폐 방사능 값을 계산하여 실제 일상감시에서의 폐 방사능 측정값으로 간주하였고, 이 측정값으로부터 섭취량 및 예탁유효선량을 평가하였다. 5년간의 우라늄 섭취로 인한 예탁유효선량 평가 결과는 입자크기에 따라 $-37.0{\sim}49.8%$, 흡수형태에 따라 $15.9{\sim}56.6%$, 섭취형태에 따라 $0.55{\sim}4.52%$의 오차를 보였다. 이와 같이 입자크기 및 흡수형태는 분기별 측정값에 근거한 예탁유효선량 평가 결과에 큰 영향을 주었으나, 섭취형태는 평가 결과에 거의 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.254-268
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 레스토랑 선택 속성의 상대적 중요도를 파악하고, 각 세분 시장별 레스토랑 선택시 중요하게 생각하는 속성 및 선호하는 레스토랑 등을 분석하고자 하였다. 조사 기간은 2009년 8월 23일부터 9월 4일까지였으며, 조사 대상은 서울, 경인 지역의 20~30대 400명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 12.0으로 컨조인트 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 전체 응답자의 레스토랑 선택 속성은 맛(43.46%), 가격(27.62%), 레스토랑유형(18.49%), 분위기(10.44%) 순으로 나타났다. 세분집단 1은 가격(45.96%), 레스토랑 유형(40.00%), 맛(11.93%), 분위기(2.11%), 세분집단 2는 맛(50.93%), 가격(33.37%), 레스토랑 유형(10.75%), 분위기(4.95%), 세분집단 3은 맛(56.24%), 레스토랑 유형(22.60%), 가격(14.06%), 분위기(7.10%) 순으로 중요도를 평가하였다. 가장 선호하는 레스토랑은 전체 응답자의 경우 '메뉴가 다양하고 음식이 맛있음', '10,000~20,000원', '조용하고 차분하다', '패밀리 레스토랑'으로 나타났다. 세분집단 1은 '메뉴가 단순하고 음식이 맛없음', '20,000원 이상', '조용하고 차분하다', '고급 레스토랑'을 선택하였고 세분집단 2는 '메뉴가 다양하고 음식이 맛있음', '10,000원 이하', '동적이고 활기차다', '고급 레스토랑'으로 나타났으며 세분집단 3은 '메뉴가 다양하고 음식이 맛있음', '10,000~20,000원', '조용하고 차분하다', '패밀리 레스토랑'을 선택하였다.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.23-43
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• 2012

This study investigates the effects of three different types of instruction, namely form-based, comprehension-based, and production-based on the development of Korean university students' (n=137) comprehension and production of English relative clauses (RCs). The extent of improvements was analyzed by administering pre-and post-tests consisting of two comprehension tests (selecting the right form of RCs and the right picture descriptions) and one production test (combining two sentences). Findings of this study suggest that all three types of instruction increased participants' comprehension and productions of RCs. However, there appeared differential effects by the instruction type. It was found production-based instruction was most effective in promoting comprehension, followed by comprehension-based instruction. Comprehension-based instruction worked best with the development of production, suggesting that the effects of comprehension training did not only work for increasing comprehension skills, but also transfer to production skills. The type or level of tasks employed for each instruction appeared to play an important role in causing such results. Form-based instruction displayed the lowest improvements in both comprehension and production of RCs. A sentence-combination task employed for form-based instruction appear to result in mere explicit rule explanations without chances to notice rules in context or use their knowledge in practice.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.97-101
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• 2004

W $O_{x}$-based semiconductor type thin film gas sensor was fabricated for the detection of N $O_{x}$ by reactive d.c. sputtering method. The relative oxidation state of the deposited W $O_{x}$ films was approximately compared by the calculation of the difference of the binding energy between Ols to W4 $f_{7}$2/ core level XPS spectra in the standard W $O_3$ powder of known composition. As the annealing temperature increased from 500 to 80$0^{\circ}C$, relative oxygen contents and grain size of the sputtered films were gradually increased. As the results of sensitivity ( $R_{gas}$/ $R_{air}$) measurements for the 5 ppm N $O_2$ gas, the sensitivity was 110 and the sensor showed recovery time as fast as 200 s. The other sensor properties were examined in terms of surface microstructure, annealing temperature, and relative oxygen contents. These results indicated that the W $O_3$ thin film with well controlled structure is a good candidate for monitoring and controlling of automobile exhaust.haust.t.t.t.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1269-1281
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• 2016

This study evaporative cooling system a heat wave climate change and reduction of the inside and outside thermal environment change research. Measurement items included micro meteorological phenomena and measured comfort indices. A micro meteorograph of temperature, relative humidity, surface temperature, and the comfort indices of WBGT, UTCI, and PMV were measured. The difference in inside and outside temperatures were compared for different land types, with the largest difference found in Type A ($4.81^{\circ}C$), followed by Type B ($4.40^{\circ}C$) and Type C ($3.12^{\circ}C$). Relative humidity was about 10.43% higher inside due to water injection by the evaporative cooling system. Surface temperature was inside about $6.60^{\circ}C$ higher than the outside all types. WBGT were Type A ($3.50^{\circ}C$) > Type B ($2.71^{\circ}C$) > Type C ($1.88^{\circ}C$). UTCI was low heat stress inside than outside all types. PMV was analysed Type C for inside predicted percentage of dissatisfied 75%, other types was percentage of dissatisfied 100% by inside and outside. Correlation analysis between land cover type and temperature, surface temperature, pmv, utci. T-test analysed inside and outside temperature difference was significant in all types of land.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2015

In this paper, scale efficiencies and relative efficiencies of R&D projects in Industrial Technology Program, sponsored by Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Korea, are calculated and compared. For the process, various DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) models are adopted as major techniques. For DEA, two stage input oriented models are utilized for calculating the efficiencies. Next, the calculated efficiencies are grouped according to their subprograms (Industrial Material, IT Fusion, Nano Fusion, Energy Resources, and Resources Technology) and recipient types (Public Enterprise, Large Enterprise, Medium Enterprise, Small Enterprise, Lab., Univ., and etc.) respectively. Then various subprograms and recipient types are compared in terms of scale efficiencies (CCR models) and relative efficiencies (BCC models). In addition, the correlation between the 1st stage relative efficiencies and the 2nd stage relative efficiencies is calculated, from which the causal relationship between them can be inferred. Statistical analysis shows that the amount of input, in general, should increase in order to be scale efficient (CCR models) regardless of the subprograms and recipient types, that the 1st and 2nd stage relative efficiencies are different in terms of the programs and recipient types (BCC models), and that there is no significant correlation between the 1st stage relative efficiencies and the 2nd stage relative efficiencies. However, the results should be used only as reference because the goal each and every subprogram has is different and the situation each and every recipient type faces is different. In addition, the causal link between the 1st stage relative efficiencies and the 2nd relative efficiencies is not considered, which, in turn, is the limitation of this paper.