• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.852-861
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• 2000

Software reliability growth models are used in testing stages of software development to model the error content and time intervals betwewn software failures. In this paper, using priors for the number of fault with the negative binomial distribution nd the error rate with gamma distribution, Bayesian inference and model selection method for Jelinski-Moranda and Goel-Okumoto and Schick-Wolverton models in software reliability. For model selection, we explored the sum of the relative error, Braun statistic and median variation. In Bayesian computation process, we could avoid the multiple integration by the use of Gibbs sampling, which is a kind of Markov Chain Monte Carolo method to compute the posterior distribution. Using simulated data, Bayesian inference and model selection is studied.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.121-124
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• 2003

The goals of this study is to elucidate life cycle and to detect genetic differences within a single species of Heterosigma akashiwo. To elucidate life cycle of H. akashiwo, have to study of benthic stage and vegetative cell. So we studied identification of H. akashiwo cyst. The relative contents of DNA in nuclei were determined in Heterosigma akashiwo. Different stages of the life history were obtained from culture and natural sediments, and examined by microfluorometry after staining with the DNA-specific fluorochrome 4'-6-dianudubi-2-phenylindole(DAPI). Large cells mainly in exponensial stage, while small cell, pre-encystment cells(\ulcorner\ulcorner), showed in the end of the late growth stage. Type of DNA content showed the different with growth stage. Usually the small cell has the high level of IOD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.75.1-75.1
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• 2013

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) are based on sequential, self-limiting surface reactions that produce atomic layer controlled and conformal thin film growth. ALD can deposit inorganic films and MLD can deposit films containing organics. ALD and MLD can be used together to fabricate a wide range of hybrid organic-inorganic alloy films. The relative fraction of inorganic and organic constituents can be defined by controlling the ratio of the ALD and MLD reaction cycles used to grow the film. These hybrid films can be tuned to obtain desirable mechanical, electrical and optical properties. This talk will focus on the growth and properties of metal alkoxide films grown using metal precursors and various organic alcohols that are known as "metalcones". The talk will highlight the tunable mechanical properties of alucone alloys grown using Al2O3 ALD and alucone MLD and the tunable electrical conductivity of zincone alloys grown using ZnO ALD and zincone MLD with DEZ and hydroquinone as the reactants.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.77-96
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• 2019

This paper examines the relation between the skill premium and international trade given differences in the relative supply of skills across countries while allowing the South (developing countries) to develop its appropriate technology. Typical assumptions put forward in the literature state that either technology is exogenously given, or technical change is allowed only in the North (developed countries). I present a model of international trade with endogenous growth by allowing the South to direct its technology. The results show that more R&D is directed towards skill-augmenting technology in the North than in the South, in sectors with the same skill-intensity. Technical change induced by lowering trade costs can increase the skill premium in both the North and the South. This result can explain the empirical observation that the skill premium has increased within many developing countries after they experienced trade liberalization. Finally, the model predicts larger gains from trade compared with the model where technical change is either not allowed, or allowed only in the North.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.326-334
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• 1998

Vascular cambium in 16 species of Salicaceae is nonstoried in all of them and is made up of fusiform and ray initials. The growth of cambial girth occurred by pseudotransverse division of fusiform initials and subsequent apical intrusive growth of daughter initials. The measurements of fusiform initials in tangerntial sections have revealed that the average length varies from 252.2-437.1${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in investigated species, with the maximum being in Populus euramericana and the minimum in Salix purprea var. Multinervis. The length of fusiform initials depends on the length of the tapering end wall , therefore, the longer the length of the tapering end wall, therefore, the longer the length of the taperding end wall, the longer the length of fusiform initials. Ray initials have their own size, magnitude, and frequency of occrrence in each species. The relative proportion of ray initials fall about 15.0-24.5% in Salicaceae. Shrubby species of Salix have a lower ratio of ray initials than the species which possess wider trunks. New ray initials are originated from cut off the side or the end of fusiform initials and central partition of a fusiform initials.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.539-551
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• 1996

In this study, a number of distance-dependent competition indices on tree-level which incorporate the tree sizes and distances to competitors, and traditional stand-level density measures were estimated from the data compiled with position-dependent survey in a Pinus densiflora stand. The performance of the estimated competition indices was examined by comparing the relationship with the diameter growth, and a dbh growth function, in which the competition index is considered as a one of influence factors, are developed. In the searching method of competing trees, the competition index estimated with $30^{\circ}$ competition interrupting angle showed the highest correlation with the annual dbh growth, while the expanding the competing zone distance had no significant effect on the performance of competition index in estimating annual dbh growth. The most of the examined stand-level competition indices, based on distance-dependent single-tree competition indices, were evaluated to describe similarly the stand competition status. As a result of partial correlation analysis in which the effect of age and site index are eliminated, Alemdag's mean competition index and relative spacing index were determined to have the highest correlation with dbh. The relative spacing index, which can be easily measured in field without measuring the position of individual trees, was considered to be a better suited one for estimating mean dbh of a stand. Among distance-dependent competition indices on tree-level, Hegyi's competition index showed the best performance in their correlation with annual dbh growth, if eliminated the effect of site index and dbh. This enabled to derive the following annual dbh growth function of individual trees which incorporate age, dominant height, dbh and Hegyi's competition index as influence factors : $$dbh^{\prime}=3.975362676{\cdot}age^{-1.099274613}{\cdot}ho^{0.199893990}{\cdot}dbh^{0.269430865}{\cdot}HgCI^{-0.353643587}$$ This function is coincided to the growth principle in which site index has a positive effect on the annual dbh growth, while high age or competition causes to reduce the annual dbh growth, and can be used as a function in single tree growth model.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.116-126
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to analyze the growing course of Busan, Gimhae and Jinhae and further find patterns of the urban growth. This study shows that patterns of the urban growth differ from city to city, being influenced by the city's characteristics. Acknowledging this fact would help the decision maker to determine the developing plan of the urban. The methodology for this study is as follows; Fuzzy set concept is applied to minimize the data loss. At the same time, the AHP is used to give a relative weight to each factor. In order to be able to manage the change based on the dynamic model and time, Cellular Automata is introduced to simulate the growth of urban. The results show that the pattern of Gimhae's and Jinhae's growth is the same, whereas that of Busan is different from them. That is to say, each city has regional characteristics. And the pattern of the urban growth is influenced by the regional conditions of the city.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1752-1756
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• 2011

This study was conducted to explore the effects of squid ink on growth performance, immune functions and antioxidant ability of broiler chickens during a period of six weeks. Either sex Arbor Acres broilers were equally allotted to 4 groups with 3 replicates of 20 chickens each. Broilers diets for the 4 test groups were prepared separately with starter and finisher phases. Control chickens were fed with basal diet and birds of group Exp 2, Exp 4 and Exp 6 were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 2%, 4% and 6% of squid ink, respectively. Broilers were sacrificed to investigate antioxidant parameters of sera, indices of thymus, spleen and bursa of fabricius and spleen lymphocyte proliferation, as well as growth performance on the $21^{th}$ and $42^{th}$ day. The results revealed that, i) squid ink promoted growth performance of broilers during days 22 to 42 and the whole trial period (p<0.05 or p<0.01); ii) squid ink elevated relative weight of the three immune organs during the starter phase and spleen lymphocyte proliferation throughout the experiment (p<0.05); iii) squid ink increased SOD activity and decreased MDA level in sera from broilers during the whole period (p<0.05). The above results suggest that squid ink could improve growth performance, antioxidant ability and immune functions of growing broiler chickens and be employed in the development of feed additives for animals.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to examine the physiological characteristics of an agarophyte Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Ohmi) Gurgel, J.N. Norris et Fredericq in the early life stage of tetrasporophytes (2n) and gametophytes (n) to select appropriate seedlings for mariculture. Growth experiments were carried out at the combinations of four temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35℃) and three light intensity levels (20, 60, and 100 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1) in the two ontogenetic stages: discoid holdfasts and erect sporelings. Holdfast areas and sporeling lengths of tetrasporophytes and gametophytes were estimated after 14 days in culture. Relative growth rates (RGRs) for holdfast areas were 7.08-28.38% day^-1 for tetrasporophytes and 11.58-23.67% day^-1 for gametophytes. At 35℃, holdfasts of tetrasporophytes survived with RGRs of 7.08-23.28% day^-1 but those of gametophytes died. Maximal holdfast growth of tetrasporophytes occurred at 30℃ and 100 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1, which were different from gametophytes (25℃ and 100 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1). RGRs of tetrasporophytic sporelings were 2.93-11.11% day-1 and were between 0.78-10.82% day-1 for gametophytes. Maximal growth of A. vermiculophyllum sporelings occurred at 25℃ and 60 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 for tetrasporophytes, and at 20℃ and 100 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 for gametophytes. In conclusion, the present results indicate that carpospores could be used as resources of spore-seedling methods having genetic diversity for mass field cultivation because tetrasporophytes showed higher-temperature tolerance and faster-growing ability than gametophytes of A. vermiculophyllum in the discoid holdfast and sporeling stages.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 1996

The effects of simulated acid rain on the growth and interspecific competition of Echinochloa crus-galli and Digitaria sanguinalis were studied. Changes of growth in height and dry weight were examined and competition between the two species was investigated using the experimental model proposed by de Wit (1960). The experiments were carried out in the greenhouse, and test plants were germinated and grown for 4 weeks and then sprayed with simulated acid rain of pH 5.6, 4.2 and 2.8 for another 8 weeks. In de Wit replacement experiments, the variation of density and the treatment of simulated acid rain showed little effect on the interspecific competition between E. Crus-galli and D.sanguinalis. The ratio diagram, another method to reveal the interrelations between two competing species, always showed the predominance of E. crus-galli in competition, regardless of density and pH. The interspecific competition of the two species, represented by relative yield total (RYT), revealed that intraspecific competition was stronger than interspecific competition in both species.The treatment of simulated acid rain showed little effect on the growth of E. Crus-galli and D. sanguinalis. Height growth of both species did not differ from that of control (pH 5.6), but root/shoot ratio increased with the decrease in pH of simulated acid rain. Growth of tatal dry weight of E. crus-galli and D. sanguinalis was not influenced by the change of pH, except that D.sanguinalis showed a decrease in the total dry weight at pH 2.8 along with a visible sign of white spots on leaves. Physical environmental conditions can exert an effect on the interrelationships between the two species, but this experiment did not show the reversion of competition, and showed that E.crus-gilli was competitively dominant under any environmental conditions given in this study.