• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.643-650
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• 2015

The use of conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells may be a feasible approach for regeneration of bone defects through secretion of various components of mesenchymal stem cells such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Mesenchymal stem cells secrete and accumulate multiple factors in conditioned medium under specific physiological conditions. In this study, we investigated whether the conditioned medium collected under hypoxic condition could effectively influence bone regeneration through enhanced migration and adhesion of endogenous mesenchymal stem cells. Cell migration and adhesion abilities were increased through overexpression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in hypoxic conditioned medium treated group. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was upregulated by microRNA-221 in mesenchymal stem cells because microRNAs are key regulators of various biological functions via gene expression. To investigate the effects in vivo, evaluation of bone regeneration by computed tomography and histological assays revealed that osteogenesis was enhanced in the hypoxic conditioned medium group relative to the other groups. These results suggest that behavioral changes of endogenous mesenchymal stem cells through microRNA-221 targeted-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression under hypoxic conditions may be a potential treatment for patients with bone defects.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.8 s.88
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• pp.1104-1110
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• 2007

The number of investigated fish collected from the Andong and the Imha reservoir were 2,540 individuals 20 species belonging to 7 families, 850 individuals 11 species belonging to 4 families respectively from May 2005 to March 2006. The total number of the common 3 species individuals investigated caught from the Andong reservoir and the Imha reservoir were 486 individuals and 124 individuals respectively. The investigated individuals is similar(${\pm}2.5$ mm) to 171 individuals make a comparative study. The Opsariichthys uncirostris, Culter brevicauda, Hemiculter eigenmanni of length-weight relationship were TW = $0.00007TL^{3.0543}$, TW = $0.0000009TL^{3.3654}$, TW = $0.00000^{3.3872}$ in the Andong reservoir and TW = $0.00002TL^{2.8493}$, TW = $0.00001TL^{2.8744}$, TW = $0.000004TL^{3.1082}$ in the Imha reservoir respectively. The Condition factor(K) of the Andong reservoir showed the positive slopes in all three species and to be in a good nutrition condition; where as the condition factor(K) of the Imha reservoir showed the negative slopes in two species except in H. eigenmanni and appeared to be in a little bad nutrition condition. Relative condition factor(Kn) indicating that O. uncirostris and C. brevicauda in Andong reservoir is more rotund than ones of Imha reservoir but H. eigenmanni in the Imha reservoir is more rotund than the ones of the Andong reservoir.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.794-800
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• 1993

A lipid producing yeast was screened from leaves of Albabiscus and was identified as a Rhodotorula graminis SW 214. During the shakining incubation of 8 days at $25^{\circ}C$, the yeast produced extracellular lipids of 7.3g/l of the media. The relative concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources in the media influenced the extracellular lipid production greatly. When with nitrogen sources in the media were almost exhausted for growth of the yeast the sufficient carbon sources, the lipid production proceeded vigorously. Eight days of batch cultivation with 8% glucose, 2.5g/l of yeast extract, $KH_{2}PO_{4}(1g/l)\;MgSO_{4}\;(0.2g/l)$ and pH 6 gave maximum biomass and extracellular lipid production of 8.05g/l and 8.89g/l, respectively. The acid value, saponificatio value, the iodine value, ad the unsaponifiable matter of the extracellular lipids of Rhodotorula graminis SW 214 were 2.6, 534, 5.1 and 2.4, respectively. Lipid was constituted 75.2% triglyceride, 5.9% free fatty acid, 10.8% phospholipid, 4.9% esterified sterol and 3.3% free sterol. Major fatty acids found were 3-hydroxypentadecanoate, 3-hydroxyhexadecanate, trans-9-octadecanate, cis-9-hexadecanate (hydroxy palmitic), 15-methylhexadecanate (oleic), 18-methylno-nadecanate, octadecanate (stearic) and 3-hydroxytridecante.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.313-319
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• 2012

Mass production method on artificial seedling production of hard clam Meretrix petechialis was developed indoor culture system. Spawning of adult clam (SL $65.8{\pm}8.4mm$) was induced using the combined method of air exposure and water temperature raising. The fertilized eggs were developed to D-shaped larvae after 17.7 hours at $27^{\circ}C$ and hatching rate was 6.1%. Shell length (SL) of D-shaped larvae was measured to be $131.4{\pm}2.6{\mu}m$ and thereafter the larvae grew to the settled spats with SL $190.2{\pm}7.5{\mu}m$ in 4 days. Estimated survival rate of settled spats was 48.1%. Spat collection on 130,000 spats with SL $0.19{\pm}0.01mm$ performed conducted by sand bottom circulation filtering method. Collected spats grew up to $3.1{\pm}0.8mm$ in 46 days, $6.6{\pm}1.8mm$ in 87 days, and $10.5{\pm}0.9mm$ in 114 days. The relative growth between SL and shell height (SH) was calculated to be SH = 0.8501SL + 0.0196 ($R^2=0.9987$) during the whole spat period. During spats rearing, they were suffered from one time of mass mortality at SL 3.1 mm, but 51,000 spats were finally survived with the rate of 39.2% at 114 days of spat rearing in indoor tank system.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2006

'Meyer' zoysiagrass(Zoysia japonica Steud.) is a popular turfgrass species used for transition zone golf course fairways and tees in mfd U.S.A golf courses because it is generally winter hardy while providing an excellent playing surface with minimal chemical and irrigation inputs. However, its functionality declines easily in many of the shaded areas of these courses. Reduced irradiance causes excessive shoot elongation, reduced tillering, and weak plants that are poorly suited to tolerate or recover from traffic and devoting. Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) effectively reduces gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis and subsequent shoot cell elongation. This study was initiated to evaluate TE effect on shoot elongation and stand persistence under two levels of shade in 'Meyer' zoysiagrass. A mature stand of 'Meyer' was treated with all combinations of three levels of shade(0%, 79%, and 92%) and three levels of monthly TE [0, 48 $g{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ a.i(0.5x) and 96 $g{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ a.i(1x)]. In full sun, the TE at 48 $g{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ a.i reduced clipping yield by 18% over a four-week period and, whereas the TE at 96 $g{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ a.i by 30% to 38%. Monthly application of TE at the 96 $g{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ a.i increased 'Meyer' tiller density in full sun and under 79% shade. Both rates of TE consistently reduced shoot growth under shade relative to the shaded control. Only the monthly applications of the TE at 96 $g{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ a.i consistently delayed loss of quality under 79% shade. Our results indicate TE can be an effective management practice to increase 'Meyer' zoysiagrass persistence in shaded environments.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1589-1595
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• 2014

Objective: Forkhead box C2 (FOXC2) is a member of the winged helix/forkhead box (Fox) family of transcription factors. It has been suggested to regulate tumor vasculature, growth, invasion and metastasis, although it has not been studied in cervical cancer. Here, we analyzed FOXC2 expression in cervical tissues corresponding to different stages of cervical cancer development and examined its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics. In addition, we examined the effects of targeting FOXC2 on the biological behavior of human cervical cancer cells. Methods: The expression of FOXC2 in normal human cervix, CIN I-III and cervical cancer was examined by immunohistochemistry and compared among the three groups and between cervical cancers with different pathological subtypes. Endogenous expression of FOXC2 was transiently knocked down in human Hela and SiHa cervical cells by siRNA, and cell viability and migration were examined by scratch and CCK8 assays, respectively. Results: In normal cervical tissue the frequency of positive staining was 25% (10/40 cases), with a staining intensity (PI) of $0.297{\pm}0.520$, in CIN was 65% (26/40cases), with a PI of $3.00{\pm}3.29$, and in cancer was 91.8% (68/74 cases), with a PI of $5.568 {\pm}3.449$. The frequency was 100% in adenocarcinoma (5/5 cases) and 91.3% in SCCs (63/69 cases). The FOXC2 positive expression rate was 88.5% in patients with cervical SCC stage I and 100% in stage II, showing significant differences compared with normal cervix and CIN. With age, pathologic differentiation degree and tumor size, FOXC2 expression showed no significant variation. On transient transfection of Hela and SiHa cells, FOXC2-siRNA inhibition rates were 76.2% and 75.7%; CCK8 results showed reduced proliferation and relative migration (in Hela cells from $64.5{\pm}3.16$ to $49.5{\pm}9.24$ and in SiHa cells from $60.1{\pm}3.05$ to $44.3{\pm}3.98$) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: FOXC2 gene expression increases with malignancy, especially with blood vessel hyperplasia and invasion degree. Targeted silencing was associated with reduced cell proliferation as well as invasion potential.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.785-790
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• 2015

As an alternative to large-scale clear cutting silviculture, strip clear cutting (SC) is being considered as a system compatible with ecological conservation and forest regeneration. In South Korea, application and effectiveness of SCC in varying forest types were rarely found. In this study, under the subject of strip clear cutting lands of pinus densiflora forest at Samcheok, Gangwon-do Province, the developmental aspect of low vegetation prior to and after deforestation and the correlation between environmental factor and pine regeneration were analyzed. The cover rate of understory vegetation was appeared to be increased after deforestation and rapidly increased two years after deforestation, and it was evaluated to be affected by vigorous tree species and photophilic species. From the perspective of relative importance value, Quercus mongolica, Artemisia keiskeana, and Rubus crataegifolius that influence the cover rate showed the inclination of continuous growth. The diversity of species showed increment inclination as well due to introduction and settlement of early transient species. As a result of analyzing the correlation between vegetation and environmental factor and generation of pine tree size, the soil exposure rate, intensity of light, and canopy openness showed positive relationship, and the understory vegetation cover and woody debris cover rate showed negative relationship.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2016

Background: Rhizospheric fungi play an essential role in the plantesoil ecosystem, affecting plant growth and health. In this study, we evaluated the fungal diversity in the rhizosphere soil of 2-yr-old healthy Panax notoginseng cultivated in Wenshan, China. Methods: Culture-independent Illumina MiSeq and culture-dependent techniques, combining molecular and morphological characteristics, were used to analyze the rhizospheric fungal diversity. A diffusion test was used to challenge the phytopathogens of P. notoginseng. Results: A total of 16,130 paired-end reads of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 were generated and clustered into 860 operational taxonomic units at 97% sequence similarity. All the operational taxonomic units were assigned to five phyla and 79 genera. Zygomycota (46.2%) and Ascomycota (37.8%) were the dominant taxa; Mortierella and unclassified Mortierellales accounted for a large proportion (44.9%) at genus level. The relative abundance of Fusarium and Phoma sequenceswas high, accounting for 12.9% and 5.5%, respectively. In total,113 fungal isolates were isolated from rhizosphere soil. They were assigned to five classes, eight orders (except for an Incertae sedis), 26 genera, and 43 species based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer. Fusarium was the most isolated genus with six species (24 isolates, 21.2%). The abundance of Phoma was also relatively high (8.0%). Thirteen isolates displayed antimicrobial activity against at least one test fungus. Conclusion: Our results suggest that diverse fungi including potential pathogenic ones exist in the rhizosphere soil of 2-yr-old P. notoginseng and that antagonistic isolates may be useful for biological control of pathogens.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.203-203
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• 2017

The Earth's climate is rapidly changing because of increasing carbon dioxide content in atmosphere so, climate prediction models anticipate that earth surface temperature will rise by 3 to $5^{\circ}C$ in next 50 to 100 years. Therefore, frequency of un-expected weather events such as drought, salinity, low or high temperature and flooding etc. will be increasing worldwide. Furthermore, increased atmosphere temperature can influence pests and pathogens spread as well. Therefore, to protect enormous grain loss from unexpected weather conditions, studies related with combine stress conditions like abiotic plus biotic stress condition are really required. Thus, our research focused on physiological responses under combined abiotic and biotic stress condition in rice plant. To induce uniform stress condition, we used NaCl (100 mM) and salicylic acid (0.5 and 1.0 mM SA) as each stress a stimulator. Each artificial abiotic and biotic stress inducer was applied to hydroponically grown rice seedlings alone or together for four day. The data were collected in a time-dependent manner [1, 2, 3 and 4 day(s) after treatment (DAT)] and were matched with our anticipation that shoot length and shoot fresh weight was decreased in solo and combined abiotic and biotic stress condition. The lipid peroxidation content was significantly increased ($1.5{\pm}0.2$ to $2.7{\pm}0.1mg$ mg of $MDA\;g^{-1}FW$) in the first two days in both stress exposed plants, and showed the opposite trend ($0.5{\pm}0.01$ to $0.1{\pm}0.001mg$ of $MDA\;g^{-1}FW$) in last two days under multi stress condition. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity did not showed difference in only biotic stress condition (alone 0.5 and 1.0 mM SA) as compared to control however, it was significantly increased in multi stress condition or solo abiotic stress condition whereas, catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were significantly decreased in solo biotic and combined abiotic and biotic condition. In particular, both enzymes activities were more decreased in multi stress condition as compared to solo biotic stress condition. The results for relative mRNA expression level of CAT and APX enzymes were in agreement with results of spectrophotometric values. Correlation value between each stress condition and phenotypic data showed that biotic stress condition showed high correlation with activity of CAT and APX whilst, abiotic stress condition revealed significant correlation with SOD activity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.124-124
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• 2017

Cadmium (Cd) is of particular concern because of its widespread occurrence and high toxicity and may cause serious morpho-physiological and molecular abnormalities in in plants. The present study was performed to explore Cd-induced morpho-physiological alterations and their potentiality associated mechanisms in Sorghum bicolor leaves at the protein level. Ten-day-old sorghum seedlings were exposed to different concentrations (0, 100, and $150{\mu}M$) of $CdCl_2$, and different morpho-physiological responses were recorded. The effects of Cd exposure on protein expression patterns in S. bicolor were investigated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in samples derived from the leaves of both control and Cd-treated seedlings. The observed morphological changes revealed that the plants treated with Cd displayed dramatically altered shoot lengths, fresh weights, and relative water content. In addition, the concentration of Cd was markedly increased by treatment with Cd, and the amount of Cd taken up by the shoots was significantly and directly correlated with the applied level of Cd. Using the 2-DE method, a total of 33 differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Of these, treatment with Cd resulted in significant increases in 15 proteins and decreases in 18 proteins. Significant changes were absorbed in the levels of proteins known to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, transcriptional regulation, translation and stress responses. Proteomic results revealed that Cd stress had an inhibitory effect on carbon fixation, ATP production and the regulation of protein synthesis. In addition, the up-regulation of glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 may play a significant role in Cd-related toxicity and stress responses. Our study provides insights into the integrated molecular mechanisms involved in response to Cd and the effects of Cd on the growth and physiological characteristics of sorghum seedlings. The upregulation of these stress-related genes may be candidates for further research and use in genetic manipulation of sorghum tolerance to Cd stress.